Carbon groupboron group ← → pnictogensThe carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl). It lies within the p-block. In modern IUPAC notation, it is called group 14. In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still universally called group IV.
SemiconductorA semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Its conductivity can be modified by adding impurities ("doping") to its crystal structure. When two regions with different doping levels are present in the same crystal, they form a semiconductor junction.
Chemical elementChemical substance not composed of simpler onesThe chemical elements ordered in the periodic table, as shown in the 32-column formatA chemical element is a species of atom defined by its number of protons. The number of protons is called the atomic number of that element. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8: each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus.
CarbonChemical element with atomic number 6 (C)–↑C↓Siboron ← carbon → nitrogen
GermaniumChemical element with atomic number 32 (Ge)Si↑Ge↓Sngallium ← germanium → arsenic
MetalloidChemical element with metallic and nonmetallic propertiesThe word metalloid comes from the Latinmetallum ("metal") and the Greekoeidḗs ("resembling in form or appearance"). However, there is no standard definition of a metalloid and no complete agreement on which elements are metalloids. Despite the lack of specificity, the term remains in use in the literature. The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.Atomic numberThe atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z, from the German Zahl, "number") of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The natural elements have atomic numbers from 1 for hydrogen to 92 for uranium.
TinChemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)Ge↑Sn↓Pbindium ← tin → antimony
LeadLead ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and has the atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal, meaning it is denser than most common materials. Lead is malleable and soft, meaning it can be shaped into different shapes and lead has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut or melted, it appears shiny silvery with a bluish tint, but tarnishes to dull gray on exposure to air.
NonmetalIn the context of the periodic table, a nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks distinctive metallic properties. Physically, nonmetals range from colorless gases such as hydrogen to lustrous crystalline solids such as iodine. They are usually less dense than metals and are often poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Valence (chemistry)In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bonds are considered to be two bonds, triple bonds to be three, quadruple bonds to be four, quintuple bonds to be five and sextuple bonds to be six.
Chemical symbolChemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry, mainly for chemical elements, but also for functional groups, chemical compounds, and other entities. Element symbols for chemical elements, also known as atomic symbols, normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised. HistoryEarlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek words.
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