Molten saltMolten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure but liquefied due to elevated temperature. A salt that is liquid even at standard temperature and pressure is usually called a room-temperature ionic liquid, and molten salts are technically a class of ionic liquids.
KilnA kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing (to calcinate ores, such as limestone to lime for cement) and to transform many other materials.
CalcinationCalcination is thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonateores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting with a restricted supply of oxygen (i.e. gaseous O2 fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances and/or to induce thermal decomposition.
SinteringSintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms/molecules in the sintered material diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating a solid piece.Reverberatory furnaceA reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustiongases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing. OperationChemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables.
Roasting (metallurgy)Roasting is a process of heating an ore under flowing air. It is a step in the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is often a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often before roasting, the ore has already been concentrated, e.g. by froth flotation. The concentrate is mixed with other materials to facilitate the process.
Electric arc furnaceAn electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc. Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by dentists may have a capacity of only a few dozen grams.
Calcium fluorideIdentifiers CAS Number7789-75-53D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageChEBICHEBI:35437ChemSpider23019ECHA InfoCard100.029.262EC Number232-188-7PubChemCID24617RTECS numberEW1760000UNIIO3B55K4YKICompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4050487InChIInChI=1S/Ca.2FH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2Key: WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-LInChI=1/Ca.2FH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2Key: WUKWITHWXAAZEY-NUQVWONBAZSMILES[Ca+2].[F-].[F-]F[Ca]FProperties Chemical formulaCaF2Molar mass78.075 g·mol Appearance White crystalline solid (single crystals are transparent) Density3.18 g/cm Melting point1,418 °C (2,584 °F; 1,691 K) Boiling point2,533 °C (4,591 °F; 2,806 K) Solubility in water0.015 g/L (18 °C)0.016 g/L (20 °C) Solubility product (Ksp) 3.9 × 10 Solubilityinsoluble in acetoneslightly soluble in acid Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−28.0·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.4338 Structure Crystal structurecubic crystal system, cF12Space groupFm3m, #225 Lattice constanta = 5.451 Å, b = 5.451 Å, c = 5.451 Åα = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°Coordination geometryCa, 8, cubicF, 4, tetrahedral Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsReacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce hydrofluoric acidNFPA 704 (fire diamond) 000Flash pointNon-flammable Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LDLo (lowest published)>5000 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig)4250 mg/kg (oral, rat) Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1323Related compounds Other anionsCalcium chlorideCalcium bromideCalcium iodideOther cationsBeryllium fluorideMagnesium fluorideStrontium fluorideBarium fluorideExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
Lithium chlorideLithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formulaLiCl. The salt is a typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characteristics), although the small size of the Li ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties. Chemical propertiesThe salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.
Lithium fluorideLithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF. It is a colorless solid that transitions to white with decreasing crystal size. Its structure is analogous to that of sodium chloride, but it is much less soluble in water. It is mainly used as a component of molten salts.
Ancient GreekAncient Greek (Ἑλληνική, Hellēnikḗ [hellɛːnikɛ̌ː]) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC), Dark Ages (c. 1200 – c. 800 BC), the Archaic or Homeric period (c. 800 – c. 500 BC), and the Classical period (c. 500 – c. 300 BC).
CadmiumZn↑Cd↓Hgsilver ← cadmium → indium
BismuthSb↑Bi↓Mclead ← bismuth → polonium*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.