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Henri BraconnotHenri Braconnot (French: [ɑ̃ʁi bʁakɔno]; 29 May 1780 – 13 January 1855) was a French chemist and pharmacist. He was born in Commercy, his father being a counsel at the local parliament. At the death of his father, in 1787, Henri began his instruction in an elementary school in Commercy and then with private teachers. At 13, he was placed as apprentice in a pharmacy in Nancy where he learned and practiced pharmacy, chemistry, and botany.

D-Galacturonic acidd-Galacturonic acid is a sugar acid, an oxidized form of d-galactose. It is the main component of pectin, in which it exists as the polymer polygalacturonic acid. In its open form, it has an aldehyde group at C1 and a carboxylic acid group at C6. Other oxidized forms of d-galactose are d-galactonic acid (carboxylic group at C1) and meso-galactaric acid (mucic acid) (carboxylic groups at C1 and C6). It is also a uronic acid or hexuronic acid.

CitrusCitrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, such as citrons, mandarins, and pomelos. Many important citrus crops have been developed through extensive hybridization, including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and limes, all of which have many cultivars. Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia.

MethanolCH3OH; simplest possible alcoholA sample of methanolNames Preferred IUPAC nameMethanolOther names CarbinolColumbian spirits HydroxymethaneMethyl alcoholMethyl hydrateMethyl hydroxideMethylic alcoholMethylolMethylene hydrate, primary alcoholPyroligneous spiritWood alcoholWood naphthaWood spiritIdentifiers CAS Number67-56-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageAbbreviations MeOH Beilstein Reference1098229 ChEBICHEBI:17790ChEMBLChEMBL14688ChemSpider864ECHA InfoCard100.000.599EC Number200-659-6Gmelin Reference449 KEGGD02309MeSHMethanolPubChemCID887RTECS numberPC1400000UNIIY4S76JWI15UN number1230 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID2021731InChIInChI=1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYAXSMILESCOProperties Chemical formulaCH3OH Molar mass32.042 g·mol Appearance Colourless liquid OdorFaint and similar to ethanol Density0.792 g/cm Melting point−97.6 °C (−143.7 °F; 175.6 K) Boiling point64.7 °C (148.5 °F; 337.8 K) Solubility in watermisciblelog P−0.69 Vapor pressure13.02 kPa (at 20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 15.5 Conjugate acidMethyloxonium Conjugate baseMethanolateMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−21.40·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.33141 Viscosity0.545 mPa·s (at 25 °C) Dipole moment1.69 D Thermochemistry Heat of combustion, higher value (HHV)725.7 kJ/mol, 173.4 kcal/mol, 5.77 kcal/g Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsMethanol and its vapours are flammable.Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may be delayed, become severe after 12 to 18 hours, and linger for several days after exposure GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH225, H301, H302, H305, H311, H331, H370Precautionary statementsP210, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P311, P312, P337+P313, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 130Flash point11 to 12 °C (52 to 54 °F; 284 to 285 K) Autoignitiontemperature470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)385 °C (725 °F; 658 K)Explosive limits6–36% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)5628 mg/kg (rat, oral)7300 mg/kg (mouse, oral)12880 mg/kg (rat, oral)14200 mg/kg (rabbit, oral) LC50 (median concentration)64,000 ppm (rat, 4 h) LCLo (lowest published)33,082 ppm (cat, 6 h)37,594 ppm (mouse, 2 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m) [skin] IDLH (Immediate danger)6000 ppm Safety data sheet (SDS) [1]Related compounds Related compoundsMethanethiolSilanolEthanolSupplementary data page Methanol (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)

GalactoseNames IUPAC namesGalactosegalacto-HexoseSystematic IUPAC name(2R,3S,4S,5R,6)-2,3,4,5,6-PentahydroxyhexanalOther names Brain sugarIdentifiers CAS Number59-23-43D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference1724619 ChEBICHEBI:28061ChEMBLChEMBL300520ChemSpider388480IUPHAR/BPS4646KEGGD04291MeSHGalactosePubChemCID439357UNIIX2RN3Q8DNEInChIInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2−,3+,4+,5−,6+/m1/s1Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-NInChI=1/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2−,3+,4+,5−,6+/m1/s1Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBBUSMILESO[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)COProperties Chemical formulaC6H12O6Molar mass180.156 g·mol Appearance White solid OdorOdorless Density1.5 g/cm Melting point168–170 °C (334–338 °F; 441–443 K) Solubility in water650 g/L (20 °C) Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−103.00·10 cm/mol Pharmacology ATC codeV04CE01 (WHO) V08DA02 (WHO) (microparticles) Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 100Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)

Sugar acidIn organic chemistry, a sugar acid or acidic sugar is a monosaccharide with a carboxyl group at one end or both ends of its chain. Main classes of sugar acids include: Aldonic acids, in which the aldehyde group (−CH=O) located at the initial end (position 1) of an aldose is oxidized. Ulosonic acids, in which the hydroxymethyl group (−CH2OH) at the initial end of a 2-ketose is oxidized creating an α-ketoacid.

Terrestrial plantA terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in or on water), semiaquatic (living at edge or seasonally in water), epiphytic (living on other plants), and lithophytic (living in or on rocks). The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms.

Middle lamellaThe middle lamella is a layer that cements together the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells. It is the first formed layer to be deposited at the time of cytokinesis. The cell plate that is formed during cell division itself develops into middle lamella or lamellum. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. In a mature plant cell it is the outermost layer of cell wall.

Thickening agentA thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties. Edible thickeners are commonly used to thicken sauces, soups, and puddings without altering their taste; thickeners are also used in paints, inks, explosives, and cosmetics. Thickeners may also improve the suspension of other ingredients or emulsions which increases the stability of the product.

Cell wallA cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier. Another vital role of the cell wall is to help the cell withstand osmotic pressure and mechanical stress. Cell walls are found in most prokaryotes, with the exception of mollicute bacteria.

PolymerIUPAC definitionA polymer is a substance composed of macromolecules. A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.

PolysaccharidePolysaccharides (; from Ancient Greek (polús)'many, much' and (sákkhar)'sugar') are "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically". They are the most abundant carbohydrates in food. Their structures range from linear to highly branched polymers. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and galactogen and structural polysaccharides such as hemicellulose and chitin.

dietRelated word or term.