Ti plasmidA tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of Agrobacteriumsensu lato, including A. tumefaciens, Rhizobium rhizogenes, and Allorhizobium vitis. Evolutionarily, the Ti plasmid is part of a family of plasmids carried by many species of Alphaproteobacteria.
AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negativebacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for genetic engineering.Ri plasmidThe root inducing (Ri) -plasmid of Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) is a plasmid capable of undergoing horizontal gene transfer of its transfer DNA (T-DNA), upon contact with a plant host. The T-DNA of the Ri-plasmid affects the plant host by modifying organ differentiation patterns, enhancing cell division, and making the abnormal tissue produce opines to feed the bacterium.
Keto acidIn organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo carboxylic acids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group (−COOH) and a ketone group (>C=O). In several cases, the keto group hydrates to the corresponding acetal in aqueous solution. The alpha-keto acids are especially important in biology as they are involved in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in glycolysis.
OctopusAn octopus (pl.: octopuses or octopodes) is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (, ok-TOP-ə-də). The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the centre point of the eight limbs. An octopus can radically deform its shape, enabling it to squeeze through small gaps.
RhizobiumRhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that are aerobic, rod-shaped nitrogen fixers. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants. The bacteria colonize plant cells to form root nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase.
Hairy root cultureHairy root culture, also called transformed root culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study plant metabolic processes or to produce valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins, often with plant genetic engineering.Agrobacterium tumefaciens
GenomeIn the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome.
NitrogenChemical element with atomic number 7 (N)–↑N↓Pcarbon ← nitrogen → oxygen
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids.
CarbonChemical element with atomic number 6 (C)–↑C↓Siboron ← carbon → nitrogen
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