ElectroencephalographyElectroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The bio signals detected by EEG have been shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and allocortex. It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG electrodes placed along the scalp (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the International 10–20 system, or variations of it.
HemoencephalographyHemoencephalography (HEG) is a neurofeedback technique in the field of neurotherapy. Neurofeedback, a specific form of biofeedback, is based on the idea that human beings can consciously alter their brain function through training sessions in which they attempt to change the signal generated by their brain and measured via a neurological feedback mechanism.
BiofeedbackGaining awareness of biological processesMedical interventionBiofeedback device for treating post-traumatic stress disorderBiofeedback is the technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body by using electronic or other instruments, and with a goal of being able to control the body's systems at will. Humans conduct biofeedback naturally all the time, at varied levels of consciousness and intentionality.Hans Berger
Quantitative electroencephalographyQuantitative electroencephalography (qEEG or QEEG) is a field concerned with the numerical analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data and associated behavioral correlates. DetailsTechniques used in digital signal analysis are extended to the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG).
Functional magnetic resonance imagingFunctional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled: When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region increases. The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa and his colleagues in 1990.
Fourier analysisIn mathematics, the sciences, and engineering, Fourier analysis () is the study of the way general functions on the real line, circle, integers, finite cyclic group or general locally compact Abelian group may be represented or approximated by sums of trigonometric functions or more conveniently, complex exponentials.
GalvanometerA galvanometer is an electromechanicalmeasuring instrument for electric current. Early galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved versions, called ammeters, were calibrated and could measure the flow of current more precisely. Galvanometers work by deflecting a pointer in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. The mechanism is also used as an actuator in applications such as hard disks.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopyFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), sometimes referred to as NIRS or Optical Topography (OT), is an optical brain monitoring technique which uses near-infrared spectroscopy for the purpose of functional neuroimaging. Using fNIRS, brain activity is measured by using near-infrared light to estimate cortical hemodynamic activity that occurs in response to neural activity.
Operant conditioningOperant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversivestimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction.
Edward ThorndikeEdward Lee Thorndike ((1874-08-31)August 31, 1874 – (1949-08-09)August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. His work on comparative psychology and the learning process led to his "theory of connectionism" and helped lay the scientific foundation for educational psychology. He also worked on solving industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing.
Law of effectThe law of effect, or Thorndike's law, is a psychology principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in 1898 on the matter of behavioral conditioning (not then formulated as such) which states that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."
Neuromodulation (medicine)Type of therapy Anterior view X-ray of a Medtronic Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) with 5-6-5 paddle lead implanted in the posterior epidural space of the thoracic spineNeuromodulation is "the alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neurological sites in the body". It is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nervous tissue function.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.