PeptidePeptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. Amino acids comprise peptides as residues.
MethionineNames IUPAC nameMethionineSystematic IUPAC name2-Amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acidOther names 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acidAmino-γ-methylthiobutyric acidIdentifiers CAS NumberL: 63-68-3D/L: 59-51-8D: 348-67-43D model (JSmol)L: Interactive imageL Zwitterion: Interactive imageAbbreviations Met, M ChEBIL: CHEBI:16643D/L: CHEBI:16811D: CHEBI:16867ChEMBLL: ChEMBL42336ChemSpiderL: 5907D/L: 853D: 76512DrugBankL: DB00134ECHA InfoCard100.000.393EC NumberL: 200-432-1KEGGL: C00073PubChemCIDL: 6137D/L: 876D: 84815UNIIL: AE28F7PNPLD/L: 73JWT2K6T3D: 868496F25RCompTox Dashboard(EPA)L: DTXSID9020821InChIInChI=1S/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1Key: FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-ND/L: Key: FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-ND: Key: FFEARJCKVFRZRR-SCSAIBSYSA-NSMILESL: CSCC[C@H](N)C(=O)OL Zwitterion: CSCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(=O)[O-]Properties Chemical formulaC5H11NO2SMolar mass149.21 g·mol Appearance White crystalline powder Density1.340 g/cm Melting point281 °C (538 °F; 554 K) decomposes Solubility in waterSoluble Acidity (pKa) 2.28 (carboxyl), 9.21 (amino) Pharmacology ATC codeV03AB26 (WHO) QA05BA90 (WHO), QG04BA90 (WHO) Supplementary data page Methionine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Methionine (symbol Met or M) () is an essential amino acid in humans.
ChloroplastPlant organelle that conducts photosynthesisStructure of a typical higher-plant chloroplast. The green chlorophyll is contained in stacks of disk-like thylakoids.Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of mossA chloroplast ( ) is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
C-terminusThe C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, carboxy tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from N-terminus to C-terminus. The convention for writing peptide sequences is to put the C-terminal end on the right and write the sequence from N- to C-terminus.
Translation (biology)Translation is the process in biological cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time. Each such triple results in the addition of one specific amino acid to the protein being generated. The matching from nucleotide triple to amino acid is called the genetic code.
ProteinBiomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residuesA representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Toward the right-center among the coils, a prosthetic group called a heme group (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acidresidues.
AmineIn chemistry, amines (, UK also) are organic compounds that contain carbon–nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons. Amines can also exist as heterocyclic compounds. Aniline(C6H7N{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H7N}}}) is the simplest aromatic amine, consisting of a benzene ring bonded to an amino (−NH2{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH2}}}) group.
Carboxylic acidIn organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is a polar, organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH, with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids.
ProkaryoteA prokaryote (; from Ancient Greekpró, meaning 'before'; and káruon, meaning 'nut' or 'kernel'), less commonly spelled procaryote, is a cellularorganism that lacks a distinct cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. In the earlier two-empire system, prokaryotes formed the empireProkaryota; in the current three-domain system, based upon molecular phylogenetics, prokaryotes are divided into two domainsBacteria and Archaea.
EukaryoteDomain of life whose cells have nucleiThe eukaryotes () are cellularorganisms of the domainEukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a cytoskeleton. Extant eukaryotes are traditionally grouped into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi and protists.
Messenger RNAMessenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA (also known as pre-mRNA). This pre-mRNA usually still contains introns, regions that will not go on to code for the final amino acid sequence.
Writing systemA writing system is any conventional system for representing a particular language using a set of symbols (called a script), as well as the rules those symbols encode. The earliest of conventional writing systems appeared during the late 4th millennium BC.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.