SanjakA sanjak or sancak (Ottoman Turkish: , sancak, "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans also sometimes called the sanjak a liva (, livâ), using the name's calque in Arabic and Persian. Banners were a common form of organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks, Mongols, and Manchus and were used as the name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire, also known historically as Turkey or the Turkish Empire, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Liwa (Arabic)Liwa (Arabic: لواء, liwā’, "ensign" or "banner") has various meanings in Arabic: a banner, in all senses (flag, advertising banner, election publicity banner, etc.)a district; see also: banner (administrative division)a level of military unit with its own ensign, now used as the equivalent to brigadean officer commanding a number of liwa units, now equivalent to a major generalIn Turkish, liva (لواء, livâ) was used interchangeably with sanjak to describe the secondary administrative divisions into which the provinces of the Ottoman Empire were divided.
Turkish languageTurkish (Türkçe [ˈtyɾctʃɛ], Türk dili [ˈtyɾc dilɪ], also known as Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languages of Cyprus.
ArabicCentral Semitic languageArabic is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic.
TanzimatThe Tanzimat (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimât, lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
IraqCountry in West AsiaIraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, historically known in the west as Mesopotamia, is a country in West Asia. Located within the Middle East, it is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west.
Ottoman TurkishStandardized register of Turkish in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman TurkishTurkiلسان عثمانی Lisân-ı Osmânîتركی Türkî / تركجه TürkçeOttoman Turkish written in Nastaliq style(لسان عثمانی)RegionOttoman EmpireEthnicityOttoman TurksErac.
Ottoman Turkish alphabetArabic-based script for Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish alphabetScript type Abjad Period1299–1928DirectionRight-to-left script LanguagesOttoman TurkishRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicNabataeanArabicPerso-ArabicOttoman Turkish alphabetChild systems Arebica Albanian Arabic alphabet Enver's alphabet ISO 15924ISO 15924Arab (160), ArabicUnicodeUnicode aliasArabicUnicode range U+0600 .. U+06FF U+FB50 .. U+FDFF U+FE70 ..
Sanjak-beySanjak-bey, sanjaq-bey or -beg (Ottoman Turkish: سنجاق بك, lit.'lord of the standard') was the title given in the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Ottoman Empire to a bey (a high-ranking officer, though usually not a pasha) appointed to the military and administrative command of a district (sanjak, in Arabic liwa’).
Literal translationLiteral translation, direct translation, word-for-word translation, word-by-word translation, or word-to-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
Persian languageThis article contains Persian text. Without proper , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.