Respiratory systemThe respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. In land animals, the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs. In mammals and reptiles, these are called alveoli, and in birds, they are known as atria.
HeartOrgan found in humans and other animalsThe heart is a muscular organ found in humans and other animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart and blood vessels together make up the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissue, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Gas exchangeProcess by which gases diffuse through a biological membrane Part of a series onContinuum mechanics J = − D d φ d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}} Fick's laws of diffusion Laws Conservations Mass Momentum Energy Inequalities Clausius–Duhem (entropy) Solid mechanics Deformation Elasticity linear Plasticity Hooke's law Stress Strain Finite strain Infinitesimal strain Compatibility Bending Contact mechanics frictional Material failure theory Fracture mechanics Fluid mechanics Fluids Statics · Dynamics Archimedes' principle · Bernoulli's principle Navier–Stokes equations Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law Viscosity (Newtonian · non-Newtonian) Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure Liquids Adhesion Capillary action Chromatography Cohesion (chemistry) Surface tension Gases Atmosphere Boyle's law Charles's law Combined gas law Fick's law Gay-Lussac's law Graham's law Plasma Magnetohydrodynamics Rheology Viscoelasticity Rheometry Rheometer Smart fluids Electrorheological Magnetorheological Ferrofluids Scientists Bernoulli Boyle Cauchy Charles Euler Fick Gay-Lussac Graham Hooke Newton Navier Noll Pascal Stokes Truesdell vte Gas exchange is the physiological process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.
TetrapodA tetrapod (; from Ancient Greek (tetra)'four' and (poús)'foot') is any vertebrateanimal of the cladeTetrapoda (). The main diagnostic and defining trait (synapomorphy) of tetrapods is having four limbs, connected to the shoulder- and pelvic girdles, for which the group is named. As a clade, Tetrapoda is defined such that it includes every organism which descended from four-limbed ancestors, including those which have lost some or all of these limbs, e.g. snakes.
Buccal pumpingBuccal pumping (/ˈbʌk.əl/...) is "breathing with one's cheeks": a method of ventilation used in respiration in which the animal moves the floor of its mouth in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent. It is the sole means of inflating the lungs in amphibians. There are two methods of buccal pumping, defined by the number of movements of the floor of the mouth needed to complete both inspiration and expiration.
MammalClass of animals with milk-producing glandsA mammal (from Latin mamma 'breast') is a vertebrate animal of the classMammalia (). Mammals are characterized by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago.
Thoracic diaphragmThe thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (; Ancient Greek: διάφραγμα, romanized: diáphragma, lit. 'partition'), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
Organ (biology)In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In the hierarchy of life, an organ lies between tissue and an organ system. Tissues are formed from same type cells to act together in a function. Tissues of different types combine to form an organ which has a specific function. The intestinal wall, for example, is formed by epithelial tissue and smooth muscle tissue.
OxygenChemical element with atomic number 8 (O)–↑O↓Snitrogen ← oxygen → fluorine
Carbon dioxideCarbon-oxygen gasNames IUPAC nameCarbon dioxideOther names Carbonic acid gasCarbonic anhydrideCarbonic dioxideCarbonic oxideCarbon(IV) oxideMethanedioneR-744 (refrigerant)R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)Dry ice (solid phase)Identifiers CAS Number124-38-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference1900390 ChEBICHEBI:16526ChEMBLChEMBL1231871ChemSpider274ECHA InfoCard100.004.271EC Number204-696-9E numberE290 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference989 KEGGD00004MeSHCarbon+dioxidePubChemCID280RTECS numberFF6400000UNII142M471B3JUN number1013 (gas), 1845 (solid) CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4027028InChIInChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAOSMILESO=C=OC(=O)=OProperties Chemical formulaCO2Molar mass44.009 g·mol Appearance Colorless gas OdorLow concentrations: noneHigh concentrations: sharp; acidicDensity1562 kg/m (solid at 1 atm (100 kPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F))1101 kg/m (liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F))1.977 kg/m (gas at 1 atm (100 kPa) and 0 °C (32 °F))Critical point (T, P) 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm) Sublimationconditions194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa) Solubility in water1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa (0.99 atm) Vapor pressure5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K)) Acidity (pKa) Carbonic acid:pKa1 = 3.6pKa1(apparent) = 6.35pKa2 = 10.33 Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−20.5·10 cm/mol Thermal conductivity0.01662 W·m·K (300 K (27 °C; 80 °F)) Refractive index (nD)1.00045 Viscosity14.90 μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 K)Dipole moment0 D Structure Crystal structureTrigonal Point groupD∞hMolecular shapeLinearThermochemistry Heat capacity(C)37.135 J/(K·mol) Std molarentropy(S298)214 J·mol·K Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−393.5 kJ·mol Pharmacology ATC codeV03AN02 (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH280, H281Precautionary statementsP282, P336+P317, P403, P410+P403NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 200SALethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LCLo (lowest published)90,000 ppm (162,000 mg/m) (human, 5 min) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)40,000 ppm (72,000 mg/m) Safety data sheet (SDS) Sigma-AldrichRelated compounds Other anionsCarbon disulfideCarbon diselenideCarbon ditellurideOther cationsSilicon dioxideGermanium dioxideTin dioxideLead dioxideTitanium dioxideZirconium dioxideHafnium dioxideCerium dioxideThorium dioxideRelated carbonoxidesSee OxocarbonRelated compoundsCarbonic acidCarbonyl sulfideCarbonyl selenideSupplementary data page Carbon dioxide (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)Animal communicationAnimal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a courtship display, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from the predator to prey with kairomones. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers.
Spinal columnThe spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrates. The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate. The spinal column is a segmented column of vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs in a series of cartilaginous joints.
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