London Borough of Richmond upon ThamesThe London Borough of Richmond upon Thames (pronunciation) is an Outer London borough formed in 1965 from the merger of three older boroughs. These were the Municipal Borough of Richmond and the Municipal Borough of Barnes, situated south of the Thames which was, until 1965, part of Surrey, and the Municipal Borough of Twickenham on the northern, Middlesex bank of the Thames. In this way it is the only London borough to straddle the River Thames.
Kew GardensBotanic garden in London, EnglandThe Temperate House from the PagodaKew Gardens is a botanic garden in southwest London founded in 1759 that houses the "largest and most diverse botanical and mycological collections in the world". Its living collections include some of the 27,000 taxa curated by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, while the herbarium, one of the largest in the world, has over 8.5 million preserved plant and fungal specimens.
Kew PalaceKew Palace is a British royal palace within the grounds of Kew Gardens on the banks of the River Thames. Originally a large complex, few elements of it survive. Dating to 1631 but built atop the undercroft of an earlier building, the main survivor is known as the Dutch House. Its royal occupation lasted from around 1728 until 1818, with a final short-lived occupation in 1844. The Dutch House is Grade I listed, and open to visitors.
The National Archives (United Kingdom)Repository of archival records of the UK governmentMain entrance to The National Archives building at KewThe National Archives (TNA; Welsh: Yr Archifau Cenedlaethol) is the official national archive of the UK Government, and for England and Wales. The institution holds documents dating back over 1,000 years, and is open to the public and free to visit. The National Archives is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.
River Thames0Thames Head1A433 Fosse Way/Tetbury Road Thames Bridge 2bridleway bridge 3A429 Bridge 4Parker's Bridge for Thames Path ("TP") 5unnamed (the south) lane, Ewen (to/from Poole Keynes) & for TP 6Former Washburn's Mill footbridge for TP 7footbridge above Old Mill Farm 8footbridge 9footbridge above Neigh Bridge Lake for TP 10Neigh Bridge 11Oaksey Road Bridge for TP 11Cul de sac bridge Cotswold Water Park hamlet 12Lower Mill Estate bridge 1 13Lower Mill Estate bridge 2 14Lower Mill…
Domesday BookDomesday Book ( ; the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales historically believed to have been completed in 1086 at the behest of William the Conqueror, though recent research by MedievalistprofessorCarol Symes indicates that this book might have been completed as late as 1098 to 1114.
World Heritage SiteWorld Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".
French Revolution1789–1799 sociopolitical change in FranceThe French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799. Many of the revolution's ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, and its values remain central to modern French political discourse.
Julius CaesarSpouse(s)PartnerCleopatra VII (mistress)ChildrenJuliaCaesarion (unacknowledged)Augustus (adoptive)ParentsGaius Julius CaesarAureliaAwardsCivic CrownMilitary careerAllegianceRoman RepublicBranchRoman ArmyService years81–45 BCCommandsXIII LegionConflictsSiege of MytileneGallic WarsInvasions of BritainCaesar's civil warAlexandrian war ...(see Military campaigns of Julius Caesar)Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, and author who was the dictator of the Roman Republic almost continuously from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC.
54 BCYear 54 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Appius and Ahenobarbus (or, less frequently, year 700 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 54 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Dominicalendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Ford (crossing)A ford is a shallow section of a river or stream where it may be crossed by wading, on horseback, or inside a vehicle. A ford may occur naturally or be constructed. Fords may be impassable during high water. A low-water crossing is a low bridge that allows crossing over a river or stream when water is low but may be treated as a ford when the river is high and water covers the crossing.
Gallic WarsBelligerentsRoman RepublicAllied Gauls and GermaniGaulsGermaniBritonsAquitaniand others...Commanders and leadersJulius CaesarTitus LabienusMarcus AntoniusQuintus Tullius CiceroPublius Licinius CrassusDecimus Brutus AlbinusGaius TreboniusServius Sulpicius GalbaGaius Caninius RebilusLucius Munatius PlancusLucius Roscius FabatusQuintus Titurius Sabinus†Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta†TasgetiusXAegusRoscillusVercingetorixVercassivellaunosCamulogenus†Sedullos†LitaviccusAmbiorixCativolcus‡‡Indutiomarus†CommiusAriovistusBoduognatus†CassivellaunusViridovixAccoDumnacusCorreus†LucteriusStrengthModern estimates:58 BC: 6 legions (understrength, 24–30,000 troops, including cavalry auxiliaries)57 BC: 8 legions (32–40,000 troops)55 BC: 2 legions (~10,000 troops) in Britain, the rest left on the continent54 BC: 5 legions (~25,000 troops) & 2,000 auxiliaries in Britain53 BC: 10 legions (40–50,000 troops)52 BC: 11 legions & 10,000+ auxiliaries, 60–75,000 troops total by the siege of AlesiaModern estimates:58 BC: 20,000–50,000, of which 8,000 or more were civilians52 BC: 180,000 Gallic combatants at AlesiaCasualties and losses 40,000+ (credible estimate)30,000+ killed10,000+ woundedPlutarch and Appian:1,000,000 Celts killed in battle1,000,000+ Celts captured or enslaved800 villages destroyedJulius Caesar:430,000 Germani killedAll contemporary numbers are considered not credible by HenigeThe Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, and Switzerland), Britain and Germania.
Georgian eraPainting of King George III and his family by Thomas Stothard (1787)IncludingRegency eraMonarchsGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVLeadersGeorge, Prince of WalesQueen CarolineGeorge, Prince RegentSir Robert WalpoleLord WilmingtonHenry PelhamDuke of NewcastleDuke of DevonshireLord ButeGeorge GrenvilleLord RockinghamLord ChathamDuke of GraftonLord NorthLord ShelburneDuke of PortlandWilliam Pitt the YoungerHenry AddingtonLord GrenvilleSpencer PercevalLord LiverpoolGe…*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.