Voiced palatal approximantA voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "y" sound in "young". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩; the equivalent symbol in the Americanist phonetic notation is ⟨y⟩.
Voiceless velar fricativeA voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spokenlanguages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some modern dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, for example in loch, broch, and saugh (willow).
International Phonetic AlphabetSystem of phonetic notationThe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association, starting in the late 19th century, as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech.
Voiceless glottal fricativeA voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called a voiceless glottal transition or an aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "h" sound in "hut". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩. A [h] sound may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Arabic), making it a true fricative.
Voiced postalveolar fricativeA voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to many if not most English-speakers as the "s" sound in "fusion". The International Phonetic Association uses the phrase voiced postalveolar fricative for the sibilant sound [ʒ], though technically it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences.
English alphabetModern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms. The word alphabet is a compound of alpha and beta, the names of the first two letters in the Greek alphabet. The earliest Old English writing during the 5th century used a runic alphabet known as the futhorc.
Voiced postalveolar affricateA voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump". This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩, ⟨d͜ʒ⟩, ⟨dʒ⟩, or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩ (though this is the symbol for a voiced palatal plosive).
Latin alphabetAlphabet of the Latin language Latin alphabetAbecedarium LatinumScript type Alphabet Periodc.
Letter caseLetter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally majuscule) and smaller lowercase (more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in the majuscule set has a counterpart in the minuscule set.Languages of EuropeA color-coded map of most languages used throughout EuropeThere are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language.Letter (alphabet)In a writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two. An alphabet is a writing system that uses letters.
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