EsterIn chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidichydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R′). These compounds contain a distinctive functional group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well.
GlucoseNaturally produced monosaccharideChemical compoundGlucose is a sugar with the molecular formulaC6H12O6. It is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is made from water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis by plants and most algae. It is used by plants to make cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world, for use in cell walls, and by all living organisms to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used by the cell as energy.
Chemical reactionProcess that leads to chemical changesA thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated.Condensation reactionIn organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide.
NucleophileIn chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bond with positively charged atomic nuclei.
SaccharificationSaccharification is a term in biochemistry for denoting any chemical change wherein a monosaccharide molecule remains intact after becoming unbound from another saccharide. For example, when a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose).
BiomoleculeA biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes. Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones. A general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms.
WaterNames Preferred IUPAC nameWaterSystematic IUPAC nameOxidane (not in common use)Other names Hydrogen oxideHydrogen hydroxide (H2O or HOH)Hydroxylic acidDihydrogen monoxide (DHMO) (parody name)Dihydrogen oxideHydric acidHydrohydroxic acidHydroxic acidHydroxoic acidHydrolμ-Oxidodihydrogenκ-Hydroxylhydrogen(0)AquaNeutral liquidOxygen dihydride (may be considered incorrect)Identifiers CAS Number7732-18-53D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference3587155 ChEBICHEBI:15377ChEMBLChEMBL1098659ChemSpider937DrugBankDB09145ECHA InfoCard100.028.902EC Number231-791-2Gmelin Reference117 KEGGC00001PubChemCID962RTECS numberZC0110000UNII059QF0KO0RCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID6026296InChIInChI=1S/H2O/h1H2Key: XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-NSMILESOProperties Chemical formulaH2OMolar mass18.015 g·mol Appearance Almost colorless or white crystalline solid, almost colorless liquid, with a hint of blue, colorless gas OdorOdorless DensityLiquid (1 atm, VSMOW):0.99984283(84) g/mL at 0 °C0.99997495(84) g/mL at 3.983035(670) °C (temperature of maximum density, often 4 °C)0.99704702(83) g/mL at 25 °C0.96188791(96) g/mL at 95 °CSolid:0.9167 g/mL at 0 °CMelting point0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K) Boiling point99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) SolubilityPoorly soluble in haloalkanes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers.
Elimination reactionAn elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step reaction mechanism. The most common types of reaction mechanisms are a one-step mechanism known as the E2 reaction and a two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction.
Substitution reactionA substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a compound is replaced by another functional group. Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry.
SucroseSucrose (also called saccharose) is a disaccharide, a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formulaC12H22O11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet.
CarbohydrateLactose is a disaccharide found in animal milk. It consists of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by beta-1-4 glycosidic linkage.Sugars (e.g. glucose) and their polymers (such as starch, cellulose).A carbohydrate () is a sugar (saccharide) or a sugar derivative.
FructoseHaworth projection of β-d-fructofuranoseNames IUPAC nameD-arabino-Hex-2-uloseSystematic IUPAC name(3S,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-oneOther names Fruit sugar, levulose, d-fructofuranose, d-fructose, d-arabino-hexuloseIdentifiers CAS Number57-48-73D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:48095ChEMBLChEMBL604608ChemSpider388775ECHA InfoCard100.000.303EC Number200-333-3KEGGC02336PubChemCID5984UNII6YSS42VSEVCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID5023081InChIInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3-4(9)5(10)6(11,2-8)12-3/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6-/m1/s1Key: RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-NSMILESO[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@]1(O)CO)COProperties Chemical formulaC6H12O6Molar mass180.156 g·mol Density1.694 g/cm Melting point103 °C (217 °F; 376 K) Solubility in water~4000 g/L (25 °C) Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−102.60×10 cm/mol Thermochemistry Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)675.6 kcal/mol (2,827 kJ/mol) (Higher heating value) Pharmacology ATC codeV06DC02 (WHO) Hazards Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)15000 mg/kg (intravenous, rabbit) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.