Liver diseaseLiver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common.
ParacetamolClinical dataPronunciationParacetamol: Acetaminophen: Trade namesTylenol, Panadol, othersOther namesN-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), acetaminophen (USANUS)AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa681004License dataUSDailyMed: AcetaminophenPregnancycategoryAU: ARoutes ofadministrationBy mouth, intravenous, rectalDrug classAnalgesic;antipyreticATC codeN02BE01 (WHO) N02BE51 (WHO) N02BE71 (WHO)Legal statusLegal statusAU:S4 (Prescription only) OTC, and unscheduledCA: OTC / Rx-onlyUK:General sales list (GSL, OTC)US:OTC / Rx-onlyCN: OTCPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability63–89%Protein bindingnegligible to 10–25% in overdoseMetabolismPredominantly in the liverMetabolitesAPAP gluc, APAP sulfate, APAP GSH, APAP cys, AM404, NAPQIOnset of actionOral: 37minutesIntravenous: 8minutesElimination half-life1.9–2.5 hoursExcretionKidneyIdentifiersIUPAC nameN-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamideCAS Number103-90-2PubChemCID1983103-90-2IUPHAR/BPS5239DrugBankDB00316ChemSpider19061906UNII362O9ITL9DKEGGD00217ChEBICHEBI:46195ChEMBLChEMBL112PDB ligandTYL (PDBe, RCSB PDB)CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID2020006ECHA InfoCard100.002.870Chemical and physical dataFormulaC8H9NO2Molar mass151.165 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageDensity1.293 g/cmMelting point169 °C (336 °F) Solubility in water7.21g/kg (0°C)8.21g/kg (5°C)9.44g/kg (10°C)10.97g/kg (15°C)12.78g/kg (20°C)~14mg/ml (20°C)SMILESCC(=O)Nc1ccc(O)cc1InChIInChI=1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10)Key:RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-NParacetamol, or acetaminophen, is an analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain.
HepatotoxinA hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato = liver) is a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver. It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol), or common over-the-counter medications like paracetamol.
LiverThe liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions, such as detoxification of the organism and the synthesis of various proteins and other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm and mostly shielded by the lower right rib cage.
Drug developmentDrug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
Therapeutic indexThe therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose. It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect.
KavaSpecies of plantKava or kava kava (Piper methysticum: Latin 'pepper' and Latinized Greek 'intoxicating') is a plant in the pepper family, native to the Pacific Islands. The name kava is from Tongan and Marquesan, meaning 'bitter'. Kava can refer to either the plant or a psychoactive beverage made from its root. The beverage is a traditional ceremonial and recreational drink from Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. Nakamals and kava bars exist in many countries.
Stem cellUnspecialized biological cell that can become specializedIn multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each.
Α-Amanitinα-Amanitin (alpha-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several species of the mushroom genus Amanita, one being the death cap (Amanita phalloides) as well as the destroying angel, a complex of similar species, principally A. virosa and A. bisporigera. It is also found in the mushrooms Galerina marginata, Lepiota subincarnata and Conocybe rugosa.
HalothaneHalothane (bromochlorotrifluoroethane), sold under the brand name Fluothane among others, is a halocarbon with the chemical formula CF3CHBrCl. It is used as a general anaesthetic given by inhalation. It can be used to induce or maintain anaesthesia. Its use in developed countries has been mostly replaced by newer anesthetic agents such as sevoflurane.
Drug overdoseA drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended. Typically the term is applied for cases when a risk to health is a potential result. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
SymphytumSymphytum is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common name comfrey (pronounced , from the Latin confervere to 'heal' or literally to 'boil together', referring to uses in ancient traditional medicine). Symphytum is native to northern temperate regions of Europe and Asia, with a wide introduced distribution on both continents as well as the Americas. There are 59 recognized species.
AsymptomaticAsymptomatic (or clinically silent) is an adjective categorising the medical conditions (i.e., injuries or diseases) that patients carry but without experiencing their symptoms, despite an explicit diagnosis (e.g., a positive medical test). Pre-symptomatic is the adjective categorising the time periods during which the medical conditions are asymptomatic.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.