Dermatan sulfateDermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs. It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is C14H21NO15S. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, iduronic acid (IdoA) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc).
Keratan sulfateKeratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfatedglycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an injury. Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to absorb mechanical shock.
Chondroitin sulfateChondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage, and provides much of its resistance to compression.
HeparinHeparin, also known as unfractionated heparin (UFH), is a medication and naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan. It is one of the most studied sulfated polysaccharides. Heparin is a blood anticoagulant that increases the activity of antithrombin. It is used in the treatment of heart attacks and unstable angina. It can be given intravenously or by injection under the skin.
Lissachatina fulicaLissachatina fulica is a species of large land snail that belongs in the subfamily Achatininae of the family Achatinidae. It is also known as the giant African land snail. It shares the common name "giant African snail" with other species of snails such as Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. This snail species has been considered a significant cause of pest issues around the world.
AntithromboticAn antithrombotic agent is a drug that reduces the formation of blood clots (thrombi). Antithrombotics can be used therapeutically for prevention (primary prevention, secondary prevention) or treatment of a dangerous blood clot (acute thrombus). In the U.S., the American College of Chest Physicians publishes clinical guidelines for clinicians for the use of these drugs to treat and prevent a variety of diseases.
Iduronic acidl-Iduronic acid (IUPAC abbr.: IdoA) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate, although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimerglucuronic acid. IdoA is a pyranose sugar. Most pyranoses are stable in one of two chair conformations C4 or C1.
ChitinChitin (C8H13O5N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere.
GlycosaminoglycanGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs, formerly mucopolysaccharides) are linear polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide (two-sugar) units, consisting of one uronic sugar and one amino sugar. They are an evolutionarily ancient component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissues in the kingdom Animalia, with the most basal group featuring true GAGs being the genus Hydra.
Glucuronic acidGlucuronic acid (GCA, from Ancient Greek: γλεῦκος + οὖρον, lit.'sweet wine, must + urine') is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name "uronic acid"). It is found in many gums such as gum arabic (approx. 18%), xanthan, and kombucha tea and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals. PropertiesGlucuronic acid is a sugar acid derived from glucose.
ChymaseChymases (EC3.4.21.39, mast cell protease 1, skeletal muscle protease, skin chymotryptic proteinase, mast cell serine proteinase, skeletal muscle protease) are a family of serine proteases found primarily in mast cells, though also present in basophil granulocytes (e.g. alpha chymase mcpt8). Recently, Derakhshan et al. reported that a specific mast cell population expressed transcripts for Mcpt8.
AntithrombinMore reference expression dataBioGPSEnsemblUniProtRefSeq (mRNA)RefSeq (protein)Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 173.9 – 173.92 MbChr 1: 160.81 – 160.83 MbPubMed searchWikidataAntithrombin (AT) is a small glycoprotein that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a 464-amino-acid protein produced by the liver. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.