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LiquidState of matter The formation of a spherical droplet of liquid water minimizes the surface area, which is the natural result of surface tension in liquids.

State of matterIn physics, a state of matter or phase of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Different states are distinguished by the ways the component particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons) are arranged, and how they behave collectively. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed and held in fixed positions, giving the material a definite shape and volume.

Carbon dioxideCarbon-oxygen gasNames IUPAC nameCarbon dioxideOther names Carbonic acid gasCarbonic anhydrideCarbonic dioxideCarbonic oxideCarbon(IV) oxideMethanedioneR-744 (refrigerant)R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)Dry ice (solid phase)Identifiers CAS Number124-38-93D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference1900390 ChEBICHEBI:16526ChEMBLChEMBL1231871ChemSpider274ECHA InfoCard100.004.271EC Number204-696-9E numberE290 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference989 KEGGD00004MeSHCarbon+dioxidePubChemCID280RTECS numberFF6400000UNII142M471B3JUN number1013 (gas), 1845 (solid) CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4027028InChIInChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAOSMILESO=C=OC(=O)=OProperties Chemical formulaCO2Molar mass44.009 g·mol Appearance Colorless gas OdorLow concentrations: noneHigh concentrations: sharp; acidicDensity1562 kg/m (solid at 1 atm (100 kPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F))1101 kg/m (liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F))1.977 kg/m (gas at 1 atm (100 kPa) and 0 °C (32 °F))Critical point (T, P) 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm) Sublimationconditions194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa) Solubility in water1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa (0.99 atm) Vapor pressure5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K)) Acidity (pKa) Carbonic acid:pKa1 = 3.6pKa1(apparent) = 6.35pKa2 = 10.33 Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−20.5·10 cm/mol Thermal conductivity0.01662 W·m·K (300 K (27 °C; 80 °F)) Refractive index (nD)1.00045 Viscosity14.90 μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 K)Dipole moment0 D Structure Crystal structureTrigonal Point groupD∞hMolecular shapeLinearThermochemistry Heat capacity(C)37.135 J/(K·mol) Std molarentropy(S298)214 J·mol·K Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−393.5 kJ·mol Pharmacology ATC codeV03AN02 (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH280, H281Precautionary statementsP282, P336+P317, P403, P410+P403NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 200SALethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LCLo (lowest published)90,000 ppm (162,000 mg/m) (human, 5 min) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)40,000 ppm (72,000 mg/m) Safety data sheet (SDS) Sigma-AldrichRelated compounds Other anionsCarbon disulfideCarbon diselenideCarbon ditellurideOther cationsSilicon dioxideGermanium dioxideTin dioxideLead dioxideTitanium dioxideZirconium dioxideHafnium dioxideCerium dioxideThorium dioxideRelated carbonoxidesSee OxocarbonRelated compoundsCarbonic acidCarbonyl sulfideCarbonyl selenideSupplementary data page Carbon dioxide (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)

CompressibilityParameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure ThermodynamicsThe classical Carnot heat engine Branches Classical Statistical Chemical Quantum thermodynamics Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Laws Zeroth First Second Third Systems Closed system Open system Isolated system State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Phase (matter) Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System propertiesNote: Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Process functions Work Heat Functions of state Temperature / Entropy (introduction) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Material properties Property databases Specific heat capacity c = {\displaystyle c=} T {\displaystyle T} ∂ S {\displaystyle \partial S} N {\displaystyle N} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T} Compressibility β = − {\displaystyle \beta =-} 1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V} V {\displaystyle V} ∂ p {\displaystyle \partial p} Thermal expansion α = {\displaystyle \alpha =} 1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V} V {\displaystyle V} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T} Equations Carnot's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman's equations Table of thermodynamic equations Potentials Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S , V ) {\displaystyle U(S,V)} Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V {\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV} Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S {\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS} Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S {\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS} HistoryCulture History General Entropy Gas laws "Perpetual motion" machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications An Inquiry Concerning theSource ...

MoleculeA molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the distinction from ions is dropped and molecule is often used when referring to polyatomic ions.

Noble gasGroup of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elementshalogens ← → alkali metalsThe noble gases (historically the inert gases, sometimes referred to as aerogens) are the members of group 18 of the periodic table: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn) and, in some cases, oganesson (Og).

OxygenChemical element with atomic number 8 (O)–↑O↓Snitrogen ← oxygen → fluorine

VolumeVolume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). The definition of length and height (cubed) is interrelated with volume.

NeonHe↑Ne↓Arfluorine ← neon → sodium

ShapeA shape is a graphical representation of an object's form or its external boundary, outline, or external surface. It is distinct from other object properties, such as color, texture, or material type. In geometry, shape excludes information about the object's position, size, orientation and chirality. A figure is a representation including both shape and size (as in, e.g., figure of the Earth).

FluidIn physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.

AtomSmallest unit of a chemical elementAtoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements and the fundamental building blocks of matter. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium, and any atom that contains 29 protons is copper.

gasRelated word or term.