Magnetic flux quantumThe magnetic flux through some contour is defined as the magnetic field multiplied by the loop area. In some physical systems, such as in superconductors, the magnetic flux can only take certain fixed (or, quantized) values. The values allowed to be taken by the magnetic flux are integer multiples of the magnetic flux quantum. This restriction on the values of the magnetic flux is called magnetic flux quantization.
Magnetic fieldIn magnetism and electromagnetism, magnetic field is a physical property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location. Magnetic fields deflect moving electric charges (including electric currents) apply torques on magnets to twist them in the direction of the magnetic field attract or repel magnets and magnetic material such as iron induce electric currents in electrically conducting material.
Abrikosov vortexIn superconductivity, an Abrikosov vortex (also called quantum vortex or a fluxon) is a vortex of supercurrent in a type-II superconductor, used by Soviet physicist Alexei Abrikosov to explain magnetic behavior of type-II superconductors in 1957. Abrikosov vortices occur generically in the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity. OverviewThe solution is a combination of fluxon solution by Fritz London, combined with a concept of core of quantum vortex by Lars Onsager.
Quantum electrodynamicsQuantum field theory of electromagnetismIn particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativisticquantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved.
SupercurrentA supercurrent is a superconducting current, that is, electric current which flows without dissipation in a superconductor. Under certain conditions, an electric current can also flow without dissipation in microscopically small non-superconducting metals. However, currents in such perfect conductors are not called supercurrents, but persistent currents.
SuperconductivitySuperconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance is exactly zero and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero.Magnetic vector potentialIn classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often denoted A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field, B: ∇ × A = B {\textstyle \nabla \times \mathbf {A} =\mathbf {B} } . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the electric field E as well.
London penetration depthIn superconductors, the London penetration depth (usually denoted as λ{\displaystyle \lambda } or λL{\displaystyle \lambda _{L}}) characterizes the distance to which a magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor and becomes equal to e−1{\displaystyle e^{-1}} times that of the magnetic field at the surface of the superconductor. Typical values of λL range from 50 to 500 nm.QuantumIn physics, a quantum (pl.: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum.PhysicsPhysics is the scientific study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. It is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines.
Type-II superconductorIn superconductivity, a type-II superconductor is a superconductor that exhibits an intermediate phase of mixed ordinary and superconducting properties at intermediate temperature and fields above the superconducting phases. It also features the formation of magnetic field vortices with an applied external magnetic field. This occurs above a certain critical field strength Hc1. The vortex density increases with increasing field strength.FluxFlux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. Flux is a concept in applied mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications in physics. For transport phenomena, flux is a vector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction of the flow of a substance or property.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.