ForelimbA forelimb or front limb is one of the pairedarticulatedappendages (limbs) attached on the cranial (anterior) end of a terrestrialtetrapodvertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term foreleg or front leg is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture (e.g. humans and some other primates), the term upper limb is often used.
Nail (anatomy)A nail is a protective plate characteristically found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of almost all primates (except for marmosets), homologous to the claws in other tetrapod animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough rigid protein called alpha-keratin, a polymer also found in the claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates. StructureThe nail does consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.
HandA hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "hand" and fingerprints extremely similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having "hands" instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having "hands" though opposable thumbs are lacking.
DactylyIn biology, dactyly is the arrangement of (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapodanimal. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek word (dáktulos), meaning "finger." Sometimes the suffix "-dactylia" is used. The derived adjectives end with "-dactyl" or "-dactylous." As a normal featurePentadactylyPentadactyly (from Ancient Greek (pénte), meaning "five") is the condition of having five digits on each limb.
Digit (anatomy)A digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates.
JointA joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements.
HumanHumans (Homo sapiens, meaning 'thinking man' or 'wise man') are the most abundant and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedalism, minimal body hair, and large, complex brains enabling the development of advanced technology, culture, and language. Humans are highly social beings and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states.
PrimatePrimates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers and simians (monkeys and apes).
TetrapodA tetrapod (; from Ancient Greek (tetra)'four' and (poús)'foot') is any vertebrateanimal of the cladeTetrapoda (). The main diagnostic and defining trait (synapomorphy) of tetrapods is having four limbs, connected to the shoulder- and pelvic girdles, for which the group is named. As a clade, Tetrapoda is defined such that it includes every organism which descended from four-limbed ancestors, including those which have lost some or all of these limbs, e.g. snakes.
VertebrateSubphylum of chordatesVertebrates (), also called craniates, are animals with a vertebral column and a cranium. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylumVertebrata ( ) with some 65,000 species, by far the largest ranked grouping in the phylumChordata. The vertebrates include mammals, birds, amphibians, and various classes of fishes and reptiles.
AnimalBiological kingdomAnimals are multicellular, eukaryoticorganisms belonging to the biologicalkingdomAnimalia (). Animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have muscle cells, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. With few exceptions, animals are able to move. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.
Metacarpal bonesIn human anatomy, the metacarpal bones, or "palm bones", collectively the metacarpus, are the appendicularbones that form the intermediate part of the hand between the phalanges (fingers) and the carpal bones (wrist bones), which articulate with the forearm. The metacarpal bones are homologous to the metatarsal bones in the foot. StructureThe metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed.
KeratinKeratin () is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin in tetrapodvertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents.
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