Kingdom of PrussiaThe Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen, pronounced [ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918. It played a significant role in the unification of Germany in 1871 and was a major constituent of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918.
County of East FrisiaThe County of East Frisia (German: Grafschaft Ostfriesland; Dutch: Graafschap Oost-Friesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Gróófskup Oostfräisland; Saterland Frisian: Groafskup Aastfräislound), also known as the County of Emden or the County of Norden, Emden and Emisgonien in East Frisia, was an imperial county of the Holy Roman Empire in the region of East Frisia in the northwest of the present-day state of Lower Saxony in Germany.
Kingdom of HollandToday part ofNetherlandsGermanyThe Kingdom of Holland was the short-lived successor state of the Batavian Republic. It was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy. Since becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican sympathy in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom.
Johannes AlthusiusJohannes Althusius (1563 – August 12, 1638) was a German–Dutch jurist and Calvinistpolitical philosopher. He is best known for his 1603 work Politica Methodice Digesta, Atque Exemplis Sacris et Profanis Illustrata which revised editions were published in 1610 and 1614. The ideas expressed therein relate to the early development of federalism in the 16th and 17th centuries and the construction of subsidiarity.
Allied-occupied GermanyPost-World War II occupation of Germany Occupation of Germany1945–1949Map of Germany from 1947 under Allied occupation Saar Protectorate (de facto not a part of Germany) French occupation zone British occupation zone American occupation zone Soviet occupation zoneThe four sectors and exclaves of BerlinStatusMilitary occupationHistory • Surrender of German armed forces 8 May 1945• Allied Control Council 5 June 1945• Saar Protectorate 17 December 1947• West Germany 23 May 1949• East Germany 7 October 1949 ^ The two American exclaves in the British sector is the state of Bremen.
East FrisiaEast Frisia () or East Friesland (; German: Ostfriesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfräisland; Saterland Frisian: Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula, to the east of West Frisia and to the west of Landkreis Friesland. Administratively, East Frisia consists of the districts Aurich, Leer and Wittmund, and the city of Emden.
World War IIGlobal conflict from 1939 to 1945BelligerentsAlliesAxisCommanders and leadersMain Allied leaders: Joseph StalinFranklin D. RooseveltWinston ChurchillChiang Kai-shekMain Axis leaders: Adolf HitlerHirohitoBenito MussoliniCasualties and losses 60–75 million deaths (military and civilian) World War II, or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945), was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Ems (river)The Ems (German: Ems; Dutch: Eems) is a river in northwestern Germany. It runs through the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and discharges into the Dollart Bay which is part of the Wadden Sea. Its total length is 362.4 kilometres (225.2 mi).
Frederick the GreatFrederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until his death in 1786. He was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Royal Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.
Germany–Netherlands borderThe Germany–Netherlands border (German: Grenze zwischen Deutschland und den Niederlanden; Dutch: Grens Duitsland-Nederland) consists of a 570-kilometre (350 mi) land and maritime border across the Dollart through the Frisian Islands into the North Sea. Land borderThe border is located in the northwestern part of Germany and the east of the Netherlands.
Lower SaxonyLower Saxony is a coastal state (Land) in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,614 km (18,384 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon and Saterland Frisian are spoken to varying degrees.
Reformed ChristianityProtestant denominational familyReformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the 16th-century Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican, Baptist and Waldensian traditions, in addition to a minority of people belonging to the Methodist faith (known as Calvinistic Methodists).
Independent cityType of city or town An autonomous or independent city or town is a city or town that does not form part of another local government entity, such as a province, county, or similar administrative division. Their legal statuses vary between jurisdictions. Independent cities are found in many countries under a variety of legal and administrative arrangements. They can have the status of states, provinces, or districts.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.