Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphateGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of diterpenes and diterpenoids. It is also the precursor to carotenoids, gibberellins, tocopherols, and chlorophylls. It is also a precursor to geranylgeranylated proteins, which is its primary use in human cells.
TaxadieneTaxadiene (taxa-4,11-diene) is a diterpene. Taxadiene is the first committed intermediate in the synthesis of taxol. Six hydroxylation reactions, and a few others, are needed to convert taxadiene to baccatin III. Enzymatically, taxadiene is produced from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate by taxadiene synthase. A biochemical gram-scale production of taxadiene has been reported in 2010 using genetically engineered Escherichia coli.
PhytolPhytol (florasol, phytosol) is an acyclic hydrogenatedditerpenealcohol. It is naturally found in many plants as a result of chlorophyll degradation and is used by them to produce vitamin E and vitamin K1. It smells grassy and dominates the aroma of certain green teas. In human industry, phytol can be used to chemically synthesize vitamins E and K1.
Isopentenyl pyrophosphateIsopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor. IPP is an intermediate in the classical, HMG-CoA reductase pathway (commonly called the mevalonate pathway) and in the non-mevalonate MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Isoprenoid precursors such as IPP, and its isomer DMAPP, are used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids.
IsopreneNames IUPAC nameIsoprenePreferred IUPAC name2-Methylbuta-1,3-dieneOther names 2-Methyl-1,3-butadieneIdentifiers CAS Number78-79-53D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:35194ChemSpider6309ECHA InfoCard100.001.040KEGGC16521PubChemCID6557UNII0A62964IBUCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID2020761InChIInChI=1S/C5H8/c1-4-5(2)3/h4H,1-2H2,3H3Key: RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C5H8/c1-4-5(2)3/h4H,1-2H2,3H3Key: RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYASSMILESCC(=C)C=CProperties Chemical formulaC5H8Molar mass68.12 g/mol Density0.681 g/cm Melting point−143.95 °C (−227.11 °F; 129.20 K) Boiling point34.067 °C (93.321 °F; 307.217 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
Chemical compoundA chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances.
TerpeneTerpenes ( ) are a large and diverse class of natural products with the general formula (C5H8)n, where n ≥ 2. They serve as crucial biosynthetic building blocks in many organisms, particularly plants. Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants, particularly conifers. In plants, terpenes and terpenoids are important mediators of ecological interactions, while some insects use some terpenes as a form of defense.
RetinolRetinol is a hydrolytic metabolite of retinyl esters belonging to the group of vitamin A1 as an alcohol form. Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are fat-soluble vitamins that are found in food and used as a dietary supplement. Either of them is needed for vision, cellular development, maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, immune function and reproductive development. Dietary sources include fish, dairy products, and meat.
RetinalRetinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyenechromophore. It binds to opsin proteins and forms the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision). Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. One study suggests that approximately three billion years ago, most living organisms on Earth used retinal, rather than chlorophyll, to convert sunlight into energy.
AntimicrobialDrug used to killed microorganisms or stop their growthHand sanitizer is a common consumer-level antimicrobial productAn antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent). Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they are used to treat. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can also be classified according to their function.
Anti-inflammatoryAnti-inflammatory refers to any drug, substance or mechanism that reduces inflammation by lessening the redness, swelling, fever, or pain and loss of function which are part of bodies inflammatory response. Anti-inflammatory drugs are agents that inhibit action or production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, histamines and prostaglandins.
Mevalonate pathwayThe mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway, is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria. The pathway produces two five-carbon building blocks called isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), which are used to make isoprenoids, a diverse class of over 30,000 biomolecules such as cholesterol, vitamin K, coenzyme Q10, and all steroid hormones.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.