Grand vizierGrand vizier (Arabic: الوزير الأعظم, romanized: al-Wazir al-a'zam; Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم, romanized: sadr-ı aʾzam; Turkish: sadrazam) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate. It was then held in the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Sokoto Caliphate, the Safavid Empire and Cherifian Empire of Morocco.
Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire, also known historically as Turkey or the Turkish Empire, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Mehmed IISultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481)DynastyOttomanFatherMurad IIMotherHüma HatunReligionSunni IslamTughraMehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى, romanized: Meḥemmed-i s̱ānī; Turkish: II. Mehmed, pronounced; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Ottoman Turkish: ابو الفتح, romanized: Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit.
List of sultans of the Ottoman EmpireThe sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: عثمانلو پادشاهی; Turkish: Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east.
RayahThe rayah or reaya was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri (military) and kul (slaves, including Janissaries). Ottoman subjects were initially divided into roughly two taxable classes, the military class (askeri) and the working class (rayah). The term was attributed to the peasant tax-paying subjects of the Timariots, active until the disintegration of the timar system in the 16th century.
Ottoman TurkishStandardized register of Turkish in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman TurkishTurkiلسان عثمانی Lisân-ı Osmânîتركی Türkî / تركجه TürkçeOttoman Turkish written in Nastaliq style(لسان عثمانی)RegionOttoman EmpireEthnicityOttoman TurksErac.
Ottoman Turkish alphabetArabic-based script for Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish alphabetScript type Abjad Period1299–1928DirectionRight-to-left script LanguagesOttoman TurkishRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicNabataeanArabicPerso-ArabicOttoman Turkish alphabetChild systems Arebica Albanian Arabic alphabet Enver's alphabet ISO 15924ISO 15924Arab (160), ArabicUnicodeUnicode aliasArabicUnicode range U+0600 .. U+06FF U+FB50 .. U+FDFF U+FE70 ..
ConscriptionCompulsory enrollment into national or military serviceConscription map of the world: No armed forces No enforced conscription Active conscription system; less than 20% people who are fit for service are conscripted Active conscription No informationConscription, also known as the draft in American English and Philippine English, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law.
NobilityNobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (e.g., precedence), and vary by country and by era.
BalkansRegion of southeastern EuropeThe Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria.
IslamAbrahamic monotheistic religion
Literal translationLiteral translation, direct translation, word-for-word translation, word-by-word translation, or word-to-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
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