Free willAbility to make choices voluntarilyA dirt jumper performing a trick, according to some interpretations, is the result of free will.Free will is generally understood as the capacity or ability of people to either choose between different possible courses of action, exercise control over their actions in a way that is necessary for moral responsibility, or be the ultimate source or originator of their actions.
CompatibilismCompatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent. The opposing belief, that the thesis of determinism is logically incompatible with the classical thesis of free will, is known as "incompatibilism". Compatibilists often believe that freedom can be present or absent in situations for reasons that have nothing to do with metaphysics.Theological determinismTheological determinism is a form of predeterminism which states that all events that happen are pre-ordained, and/or predestined to happen, by one or more divine beings, or that they are destined to occur given the divine beings' omniscience. Theological determinism exists in a number of religions, including Jainism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is also supported by proponents of Classical pantheism such as the Stoics and by philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza.
IndeterminismIndeterminism is the idea that (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or are not caused deterministically. It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical problem of free will, particularly in the form of metaphysical libertarianism. In science, most specifically quantum theory in physics, indeterminism is the belief that no event is certain and the entire outcome of anything is probabilistic.PredeterminismPredeterminism is the philosophy that all events of history, past, present and future, have already been decided or are already known (by God, fate, or some other force), including human actions. Predeterminism is closely related to determinism. The concept of predeterminism is often argued by invoking causal determinism, implying that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to infinity.
UniverseEverything in space and time UniverseThe Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image shows some of the most remote galaxies visible to present technology (diagonal is ~1/10 apparent Moon diameter)Age13.787 ± 0.020 billion yearsObservable diameter8.8×1026 m (28.5 Gpc or 93 Gly)Average density (with energy)9.9×10−27 kg/m3Average temperature2.72548 K(−270.4 °C, −454.8 °F)Main contentsOrdinary (baryonic) matter (4.9%)Dark matter (26.8%)Dark energy (68.3%)ShapeFlat with 0.4% error margin Part of a series onPhysical cosmology Big BangUniverse Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe InflationBaryogenesisNucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave (GWB) Microwave (CMB)Neutrino (CNB) Expansion and future Hubble's lawRedshift Expansion of the universe FLRW metricFriedmann equations Lambda-CDM model Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components and structure Components Dark energyDark matter PhotonsBaryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filamentGalaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure ReionizationStructure formation Experiments Black Hole Initiative (BHI) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Dark Energy Survey Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF") Wilkinson Microwave AnisotropyProbe (WMAP) Scientists Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedmann Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Huygens Kepler Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zeldovich List of cosmologists Subject history Discovery of cosmic microwavebackground radiation History of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Category Astronomy portalvte The universe comprises all of existence: all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from subatomic particles to entire galactic filaments.
IncompatibilismIncompatibilism is the view that the thesis of determinism is logically incompatible with the classical thesis of free will. The term was coined in the 1960s, most likely by philosopher Keith Lehrer.
MetaphysicsMetaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic nature or most fundamental structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of human understanding. Some philosophers, including Aristotle, designate metaphysics as the first philosophy to suggest that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry.
NecessitarianismNecessitarianism is a metaphysical principle that denies all mere possibility; there is exactly one way for the world to be. It is the strongest member of a family of principles, including hard determinism, each of which deny libertarian free will, reasoning that human actions are predetermined by external or internal antecedents.
FatalismFatalism is a belief and philosophical doctrine which considers the entire universe as a deterministic system and stresses the subjugation of all events, actions, and behaviors to fate or destiny, which is commonly associated with the consequent attitude of resignation in the face of future events which are thought to be inevitable and outside of human control.
Self-determination theorySelf-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality regarding individuals' innate tendencies toward growth and innate psychological needs. It pertains to the motivation behind individuals' choices in the absence of external influences and distractions. SDT focuses on the degree to which human behavior is self-motivated and self-determined.
Eternalism (philosophy of time)In the philosophy of space and time, eternalism is an ontological view according to which all existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time.
PredictionA prediction (from Latin'before' and 'something said') or forecast is a statement about a futureevent or about future data. Predictions are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge of forecasters. There is no universal agreement about the exact difference between "prediction" and "estimation"; different authors and disciplines ascribe different connotations.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.