LeatherA variety of leather products and leather-working toolsLeather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hogs, ostriches, and aquatic animals such as seals and alligators.
Ammonium sulfateAmmonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); [NH4]2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur. UsesAgricultureThe primary use of ammonium sulfate is as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
Ammonium chlorideAmmonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4Cl, also written as [NH4]Cl. It is an ammonium salt of chloride. It consists of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and chloride anions Cl−. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known as salammoniac.
Neutralization (chemistry)In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.ProtonationIn chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid. (The complementary process, when a proton is removed from a Brønsted–Lowry acid, is deprotonation.)
Lactic acidNames Preferred IUPAC name2-hydroxypropanoic acidOther names lactic acidmilk acidIdentifiers CAS Number50-21-579-33-4 (L)10326-41-7 (D)3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageBeilstein Reference1720251 ChEBICHEBI:422ChEMBLChEMBL330546ChemSpider96860ECHA InfoCard100.000.017EC Number200-018-0E numberE270 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference362717 IUPHAR/BPS2932KEGGD00111C00186C00256PubChemCID612RTECS numberOD2800000UNII3B8D35Y7S4F9S9FFU82N (L)3Q6M5SET7W (D)UN number3265 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID7023192InChIInChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1Key: JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-NSMILESCC(O)C(=O)OProperties Chemical formulaC3H6O3Molar mass90.078 g·mol Melting point18 °C (64 °F; 291 K) Boiling point122 °C (252 °F; 395 K) at 15mmHg Solubility in water86.1% w/w at 20°C 88.6% w/w at 25°C Acidity (pKa) 3.86, 15.1 Thermochemistry Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)1361.9kJ/mol, 325.5kcal/mol, 15.1kJ/g, 3.61kcal/g Related compounds Other anionslactate Related carboxylic acidsacetic acidglycolic acidpropionic acid3-hydroxypropanoic acidmalonic acidbutyric acidhydroxybutyric acidRelated compounds1-propanol2-propanolpropionaldehydeacroleinsodium lactateethyl lactatePharmacology ATC codeG01AD01 (WHO) QP53AG02 (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsHazard statementsH315, H318Precautionary statementsP280, P305+P351+P338Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
Boric acidNames IUPAC nameBoric acidOther names Orthoboric acid, Boracic acid, Sassolite, Borofax, Trihydroxyborane, Boranetriol, Hydrogen borate, Acidum boricumIdentifiers CAS Number10043-35-33D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageChEBICHEBI:33118ChEMBLChEMBL42403ChemSpider7346ECHA InfoCard100.030.114EC Number233-139-2E numberE284 (preservatives)KEGGD01089PubChemCID7628UNIIR57ZHV85D4CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID1020194InChIInChI=1S/BH3O3/c2-1(3)4/h2-4HKey: KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/BH3O3/c2-1(3)4/h2-4HKey: KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYAISMILESOB(O)O[OH+]=[B-](O)OProperties Chemical formulaBH3O3Molar mass61.83 g·mol Appearance White crystalline solid Density1.435 g/cm Melting point170.9 °C (339.6 °F; 444.0 K) Boiling point300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) Solubility in water2.52 g/100 mL (0 °C) 4.72 g/100 mL (20 °C) 5.7 g/100 mL (25 °C) 19.10 g/100 mL (80 °C) 27.53 g/100 mL (100 °C) Solubility in other solvents Soluble in lower alcohols moderately soluble in pyridine very slightly soluble in acetonelog P−0.29 Acidity (pKa) 9.24 (first proton),12.4 (second),13.3 (complete)Conjugate baseBorateMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−34.1·10 cm/mol Structure Molecular shapeTrigonal planar Dipole moment0 D Pharmacology ATC codeS02AA03 (WHO) D08AD (WHO) Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsNFPA 704 (fire diamond) 100Flash pointNonflammable Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)2660 mg/kg, oral (rat) Related compounds Related compoundsBoron trioxideBoraxSupplementary data page Boric acid (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
Tanning (leather)Tanning, or hide tanning, is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed. Historically, vegetable based tanning used tannin, an acidicchemical compound derived from the bark of certain trees, in the production of leather. An alternative method, developed in the 1800s, is chrome tanning, where chromium salts are used instead of natural tannins.
Acetic acidChemical acid found in vinegarSample of acetic acid in a reagent bottleNames Preferred IUPAC nameAcetic acidSystematic IUPAC nameEthanoic acidOther names Vinegar (when diluted); Hydrogen acetate; Methanecarboxylic acid; Ethylic acidIdentifiers CAS Number64-19-73D model (JSmol)Interactive imageAbbreviations AcOH Beilstein Reference506007 ChEBICHEBI:15366ChEMBLChEMBL539ChemSpider171DrugBankDB03166ECHA InfoCard100.000.528EC Number200-580-7E numberE260 (preservatives)Gmelin Reference1380 IUPHAR/BPS1058KEGGC00033D00010MeSHAcetic+acidPubChemCID176RTECS numberAF1225000UNIIQ40Q9N063PUN number2789 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID5024394InChIInChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4)Key: QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-NSMILESCC(O)=OProperties Chemical formulaCH3COOH Molar mass60.052 g·mol Appearance Colourless liquid OdorOverpowering vinegar-like Density1.049 g/cm (liquid); 1.27 g/cm (solid) Melting point16 to 17 °C; 61 to 62 °F; 289 to 290 K Boiling point118 to 119 °C; 244 to 246 °F; 391 to 392 K Critical point (T, P) 593 K (320 °C), 57.8 bar Solubility in waterMisciblelog P−0.28 Vapor pressure1.54653947 kPa (20 °C) 11.6 mmHg (20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 4.756 Conjugate baseAcetateMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−31.54·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.371 (VD = 18.19) Viscosity1.22 mPa s 1.22 cP Dipole moment1.74 D Thermochemistry Heat capacity(C)123.1 J/(K⋅mol) Std molarentropy(S298)158.0 J/(K⋅mol) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−483.88–483.16 kJ/mol Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)−875.50–874.82 kJ/mol-876.1 kJ/mol Enthalpy of fusion(ΔfHfus)11.7 kJ/mol Enthalpy of vaporization(ΔfHvap)23.7 kJ/mol Pharmacology ATC codeG01AD02 (WHO) S02AA10 (WHO) Legal statusAU: S2 (Pharmacy medicine) / Schedule 6, Schedule 5, Schedule 2 Appendix E, clause 3 Appendix F, clause 4Hazards GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH226, H314Precautionary statementsP280, P305+P351+P338, P310NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 320Flash point40 °C (104 °F; 313 K) Autoignitiontemperature427 °C (801 °F; 700 K) Explosive limits4–16% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)3.31 g/kg, oral (rat) LC50 (median concentration)5620 ppm (mouse, 1 h)16000 ppm (rat, 4 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m) ST 15 ppm (37 mg/m) IDLH (Immediate danger)50 ppm Related compounds Related carboxylic acidsFormic acidPropionic acidRelated compoundsAcetaldehydeAcetamideAcetic anhydrideChloroacetic acidAcetyl chlorideGlycolic acidEthyl acetatePotassium acetateSodium acetateThioacetic acidSupplementary data page Acetic acid (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)
PhenolphthaleinPhenolphthalein ( ) is a chemical compound with the formulaC20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn", "HPh", "phph" or simply "Ph" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to the class of dyes known as phthalein dyes. Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols in experiments.
Formic acidFormic acid (from Latin formica 'ant'), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid. It has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H. This acid is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Esters, salts, and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially, formic acid is produced from carbon monoxide.
PHIn chemistry, pH ( or ; ) is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (H) cations) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.