Immune systemBiological system protecting an organism against diseaseThe immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, as well as cancer cells and foreign objects, such as wood splinters—distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system.
Antimicrobial peptidesAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antimicrobials which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents.
AntimicrobialDrug used to killed microorganisms or stop their growthHand sanitizer is a common consumer-level antimicrobial productAn antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent). Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they are used to treat. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. They can also be classified according to their function.
FungusOrganism belonging to kingdom FungiA fungus (pl.: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These organisms are classified in the biological kingdomFungi. A characteristic that places fungus in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is having chitin in their cell walls.
VertebrateSubphylum of chordatesVertebrates (), also called craniates, are animals with a vertebral column and a cranium. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylumVertebrata ( ) with some 65,000 species, by far the largest ranked grouping in the phylumChordata. The vertebrates include mammals, birds, amphibians, and various classes of fishes and reptiles.
InvertebrateInvertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordatesubphylumVertebrata, i.e. vertebrates. Nonetheless, almost all invertebrates belong to the monophyletic clade Protostomia, including arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and flatworms.
BacteriaDomain of microorganismsSynonyms"Bacteria" (Cohn 1872) Cavalier-Smith 1983"Bacteria" Haeckel 1894"Bacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002"Bacteriaceae" Cohn 1872a"Bacteriobionta" Möhn 1984"Bacteriophyta" Schussnig 1925"Eubacteria" Woese and Fox 1977"Neobacteria" Möhn 1984"Schizomycetaceae" de Toni and Trevisan 1889"Schizomycetes" Nägeli 1857Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
CysteineNames IUPAC nameCysteineSystematic IUPAC name2-Amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acidOther names 2-Amino-3-sulfhydrylpropanoic acid2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acidIdentifiers CAS Number52-90-452-89-1 (hydrochloride)921-01-7 D-cysteine3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageZwitterion: Interactive imageAbbreviations Cys, C ChEBICHEBI:15356ChEMBLChEMBL54943ChemSpider574 (Racemic)5653 (L-form)ECHA InfoCard100.000.145EC Number200-158-2E numberE920 (glazing agents, ...)IUPHAR/BPS4782KEGGD00026PubChemCID5862UNIIK848JZ4886A9U1687S1S (hydrochloride)CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID8022876InChIInChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)Key: XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1Key: XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHBUInChI=1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)Key: XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYACSMILESC([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)SZwitterion: C([C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+])SProperties Chemical formulaC3H7NO2SMolar mass121.15 g·mol Appearance white crystals or powder Melting point240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) decomposes Solubility in water277g/L (at 25 °C) Solubility1.5g/100g ethanol 19 °C Acidity (pKa) 1.71 (conjugate acid), 8.33 (thiol), 10.78 Chiral rotation ([α]D)+9.4° (H2O, c = 1.3) Supplementary data page Cysteine (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)
Amino acidOrganic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groupsStructure of a typical L-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" formAmino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acidfunctional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life.
ProteinBiomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residuesA representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Toward the right-center among the coils, a prosthetic group called a heme group (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acidresidues.
PlantPlants are the eukaryotic organisms that constitute the kingdom Plantae (/'plænteɪ/). They are predominantly photosynthetic or came from photosynthetic ancestors, meaning that they obtain their energy from sunlight by using the green pigment chlorophyll in their chloroplasts to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Over the course of time, some plants have evolved to be parasitic, meaning they take energy from other organisms.
VirusInfectious agent that replicates in cellsA virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.