Supercritical carbon dioxideSupercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure. Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when cooled and/or pressurised sufficiently.
Ethyl acetateEthyl acetate (commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CO2CH2CH3, simplified to C4H8O2. This flammable, colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues, nail polish removers, and the decaffeination process of tea and coffee. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.
Café HAGCafé HAG is a worldwide brand of decaffeinated coffee currently owned by JDE Peet's.
Ludwig RoseliusLudwig Roselius (2 June 1874 – 15 May 1943) was a German coffee merchant and founder of the company Kaffee HAG. He was born in Bremen and is credited with the development of commercial decaffeination of coffee. As a patron, he supported artists like Paula Modersohn-Becker and Bernard Hoetger and turned the Böttcherstrasse street in Bremen into an artwork.
DichloromethaneNames Preferred IUPAC nameDichloromethaneOther names Methylene bichloride; Methylene chloride gas; Methylene dichloride; Solmethine; Narkotil; Solaesthin; Di-clo; Refrigerant-30; Freon-30; R-30; DCM; MDCIdentifiers CAS Number75-09-23D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:15767ChEMBLChEMBL45967ChemSpider6104ECHA InfoCard100.000.763EC Number200-838-9KEGGD02330PubChemCID6344RTECS numberPA8050000UNII588X2YUY0AUN number1593 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID0020868InChIInChI=1S/CH2Cl2/c2-1-3/h1H2Key: YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CH2Cl2/c2-1-3/h1H2Key: YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYAGSMILESClCClProperties Chemical formulaCH2Cl2Molar mass84.93 g·mol Appearance Colorless liquid OdorFaint, minty, chloroform-like Density1.3266 g/cm (20 °C) Melting point−96.7 °C (−142.1 °F; 176.5 K) Boiling point39.6 °C (103.3 °F; 312.8 K) decomposes at 720 °C 39.75 °C (103.55 °F; 312.90 K) at 760 mmHg Solubility in water25.6 g/L (15 °C) 17.5 g/L (25 °C) 15.8 g/L (30 °C) 5.2 g/L (60 °C) SolubilityMiscible in ethyl acetate, alcohol, hexanes, benzene, CCl4, diethyl ether, CHCl3log P1.19 Vapor pressure0.13 kPa (−70.5 °C) 2 kPa (−40 °C) 19.3 kPa (0 °C) 57.3 kPa (25 °C) 79.99 kPa (35 °C) Henry's lawconstant (kH)3.25 L·atm/mol Magnetic susceptibility (χ)−46.6·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.4244 (20 °C) Viscosity0.43 cP (20 °C) 0.413 cP (25 °C) Structure Dipole moment1.6 D Thermochemistry Heat capacity(C)102.3 J/(mol·K) Std molarentropy(S298)174.5 J/(mol·K) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)−124.3 kJ/mol Std enthalpy ofcombustion(ΔcH298)−454.0 kJ/mol (from standard enthalpies of formation) Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics: Biological half-life<30 min (75% after 30 minutes, rats) ExcretionBreath (90% unmetabolized, 3% CO2, 2% CO, rats), urine Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Eye hazardsIrritant GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH315, H319, H336, H351, H420Precautionary statementsP261, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 210Flash pointNone, but can form flammable vapor-air mixtures above ≈100 °C Autoignitiontemperature556 °C (1,033 °F; 829 K) Explosive limits13%-23% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)1.25 g/kg (rats, oral) 2 g/kg (rabbits, oral) LC50 (median concentration)24,929 ppm (rat, 30 min)14,400 ppm (mouse, 7 h) LCLo (lowest published)5000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 h)10,000 ppm (rabbit, 7 h)12,295 ppm (cat, 4.5 h)14,108 ppm (dog, 7 h) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)25 ppm over 8 hours (time-weighted average), 125 ppm over 15 minutes (STEL) REL (Recommended)Ca IDLH (Immediate danger)Ca [2300 ppm] Legal statusBR:Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs)Supplementary data page Dichloromethane (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
AcidAn acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen cation, H), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid. The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O and are known as Arrhenius acids.
Friedlieb Ferdinand RungeFriedlieb Ferdinand Runge (8 February 1794 – 25 March 1867) was a German analytical chemist. Runge identified the mydriatic (pupil dilating) effects of belladonna (deadly nightshade) extract, identified caffeine, and discovered the first coal tar dye (aniline blue).
CaffeineCentral nervous system stimulantPharmaceutical compoundClinical dataPronunciation Other namesGuaranineMethyltheobromine1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine7-methyltheophylline TheineAHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense dataUS DailyMed: CaffeinePregnancycategoryAU: ADependenceliabilityPhysical: Low–moderate (9–30%) Psychological: Low–moderateAddictionliabilityNoneRoutes ofadministrationCommon: By mouth Medical: IntravenousUncommon: Insufflation, rectal, transdermal, topical, buccal, sublingual, inhalationDrug classStimulant;Adenosinergic;Eugeroic;Nootropic;Anxiogenic; Analeptic; PDE inhibitor;DiureticATC codeN06BC01 (WHO) D11AX26 (WHO), V04CG30 (WHO)Legal statusLegal statusAU: UnscheduledBR: UnscheduledCA: UnscheduledDE: UnscheduledNZ: UnscheduledUK: General sales list (GSL, OTC)US: UnscheduledUN: UnscheduledCN: OTCSE: Unscheduled In general legal for all usesPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability99%Protein binding10–36%MetabolismPrimary: CYP1A2Minor: CYP2E1, CYP3A4,CYP2C8, CYP2C9MetabolitesParaxanthine 84%Theobromine 12%Theophylline 4%Onset of action45 minutes–1 hourElimination half-lifeAdults: 3–7 hoursInfants (full term): 8 hoursInfants (premature): 100 hoursDuration of action3–4 hoursExcretionUrine (100%)IdentifiersIUPAC name1,3,7-Trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dioneCAS Number58-08-2PubChemCID2519IUPHAR/BPS407DrugBankDB00201ChemSpider2424UNII3G6A5W338EKEGGD00528ChEBICHEBI:27732ChEMBLChEMBL113NIAID ChemDBnonePDB ligandCFF (PDBe, RCSB PDB)CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID0020232ECHA InfoCard100.000.329Chemical and physical dataFormulaC8H10N4O2Molar mass194.194 g·mol3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageDensity1.23 g/cmMelting point235 to 238 °C (455 to 460 °F) (anhydrous)SMILESCN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)CInChIInChI=1S/C8H10N4O2/c1-10-4-9-6-5(10)7(13)12(3)8(14)11(6)2/h4H,1-3H3Key:RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-NData pageCaffeine (data page)Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive drug globally.
TeaBrewed beverage made from tea leavesTea is an aromaticbeverage prepared by infusion of hot or boilingfresh water with fresh or curedleaves of Camellia sinensis, an evergreenshrub native to East Asia that originated in the borderlands of southwestern China, northeast India and northern Myanmar. Tea has a stimulant effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content. After plain drinking water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world.
Cocoa beanFatty seed of Theobroma cacaoForms of the cocoa bean during productionPods at various stages of ripeningBeans in pulp in freshly cut podBeans: In pulp, in skin, and nakedRoasted nibs (pieces of kernels) are generally powdered and melted into chocolate liquor, but also inserted into chocolate bars to give additional texture or "crunch".The cocoa bean, also known as cocoa () or cacao (), is the dried and fully fermentedseed of Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree.
Food and Drug AdministrationThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Coffee beanA coffee bean is a seed from the Coffea plant and the source for coffee. This fruit is often referred to as a coffee cherry, but unlike the cherry, which usually contains a single pit, it most commonly contains two seeds with their flat sides together. The seeds are referred to as beans because of their appearance, though they are not true beans. A few coffee cherries, referred to as "peaberries" contain a single seed; they make up around 10% to 15% of all coffee beans.
Atropa bella-donnaDeadly nightshade, a flowering plantAtropa bella-donna, commonly known as deadly nightshade or belladonna, is a toxic perennialherbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes and eggplant. It is native to Europe and Western Asia, including Turkey, its distribution extending from England in the west to western Ukraine and the Iranian province of Gilan in the east.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.