Inner mitochondrial membraneThe inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. StructureThe structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane is extensively folded and compartmentalized. The numerous invaginations of the membrane are called cristae, separated by crista junctions from the inner boundary membrane juxtaposed to the outer membrane.
ATP synthaseATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP synthase is a molecular machine.
Oxidative phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidizenutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is so pervasive because it releases more energy than fermentation.
Electrochemical gradientAn electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
UltrastructureUltrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) when viewing biological specimens such as cells, tissue, or organs.
MitochondriaOrganelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respirationA mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects.
ProteinBiomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residuesA representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography. Toward the right-center among the coils, a prosthetic group called a heme group (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acidresidues.
GlycolysisSeries of interconnected biochemical reactionsSummary of aerobic respirationGlycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
CytochromeCytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in the electron transport chain and redox catalysis. They are classified according to the type of heme and its mode of binding.
Adenosine triphosphateNames IUPAC nameAdenosine 5′-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)Systematic IUPAC nameO-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl} tetrahydrogen triphosphateIdentifiers CAS Number56-65-5 (free acid)34369-07-8 (disodium salt hydrate)3D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageChEBICHEBI:15422ChEMBLChEMBL14249ChemSpider5742DrugBankDB00171ECHA InfoCard100.000.258IUPHAR/BPS1713KEGGC00002PubChemCID5957UNII8L70Q75FXECompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID6022559InChIInChI=1S/C10H16N5O13P3/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(17)6(16)4(26-10)1-25-30(21,22)28-31(23,24)27-29(18,19)20/h2-4,6-7,10,16-17H,1H2,(H,21,22)(H,23,24)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,18,19,20)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1Key: ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-NKey: ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUBGSMILESO=P(O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]3O[C@@H](n2cnc1c(ncnc12)N)[C@H](O)[C@@H]3Oc1nc(c2c(n1)n(cn2)[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O)NProperties Chemical formulaC10H16N5O13P3Molar mass507.18 g/mol Density1.04 g/cm (disodium salt) Melting point187 °C (369 °F; 460 K) disodium salt; decomposes Acidity (pKa) 0.9, 1.4, 3.8, 6.5 UV-vis (λmax) 259 nm Absorbanceε259 = 15.4 mM cm Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
Surface areaThe surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with flat polygonal faces), for which the surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces.BiochemistryStudy of chemical processes of living organismsBiochemistry, or biological chemistry (distinct from chemical biology), is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.