Provinces of ItalyThe provinces of Italy (Italian: province d'Italia) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, on an intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and a region (regione). Since 2015, provinces have been classified as "institutional bodies of second level".
Municipal police (Italy)In Italy, Polizia Locale (local police), Polizia Municipale (municipal police) and sometimes Vigili Urbani (urban guards, an obsolete term still used colloquially) are the police force of the comuni (municipalities). Their duties are mainly administrative in nature, encompassing tasks such as traffic management, overseeing licenses, and enforcing urban regulations.
Administrative divisionTerritorial entity for administration purposes Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area.
Regions of ItalyThe regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the unitary Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers.
FrazioneA frazione (pl.: frazioni, cognate with English fraction) is a type of subdivision of a comune ('municipality') in Italy, often a small village or hamlet outside the main town, similar to a suburb or exurb. Most frazioni were created during the Fascist era (1922–1943) as a way to consolidate territorial subdivisions in the country. In the autonomous region of the Aosta Valley, a frazione is officially called hameau in French.
Constitution of ItalyThe Constitution of the Italian Republic (Italian: Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was ratified on 22 December 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against, before coming into force on 1 January 1948, one century after the previous Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy had been enacted. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, was promulgated in an extraordinary edition of Gazzetta Ufficiale on 27 December 1947.
Triarchy of NegroponteThe Triarchy of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Venetian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies (terzieri, "thirds") (Chalkis, Karystos and Oreos) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice.
MunicipalityA municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term municipality may also mean the governing body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district.City status in ItalyCity status in Italy is granted by the president of Italy (or by the king of Italy before 1946) to select municipalities in virtue of their historical, artistic, civic or demographic importance, and might or might not meet the generally accepted definition of cities. Although it carries no special rights, the city status can be a marker of prestige and confer local pride.
Aosta ValleyThe Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle d'Aosta; French: Vallée d'Aoste; Valdôtain: Vâl d'Aoûta; Walser: Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Piedmontese: Val d'Osta), officially the Autonomous Region of Aosta Valley, is a mountainous autonomous region of northwesternItaly. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France, to the west; by Valais, Switzerland, to the north; and by Piedmont, Italy, to the south and east. The regional capital is Aosta.
TownshipA township is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries. Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, Canada, Scotland, and parts of the United States, the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban.Praeter legemIn Legal Latin, the phrase praeter legem ("outside of the law") "refers to an item that is not regulated by law and therefore is not illegal". It is thus distinct from the phrase contra legem, which refers to something that is directly against the law and therefore illegal or in conflict with statutes or other written regulation without being illegal or invalid, and it may also be compared to intra legem, "within the law" (legal).
Civil defenseCivil defense or civil protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from human-made and natural disasters. It uses the principles of emergency management: prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, or emergency evacuation and recovery. Programs of this sort were initially discussed at least as early as the 1920s and were implemented in some countries during the 1930s as the threat of war and aerial bombardment grew.
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