System dynamicsSystem dynamics (SD) is an approach to understanding the nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, table functions and time delays. OverviewSystem dynamics is a mathematical modeling technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex systems.
Peter TurchinPeter Valentinovich Turchin (Russian: Пётр Валенти́нович Турчи́н ; born 22 May 1957) is a Russian-American scientist who specializes in an area of study he and his colleagues developed called cliodynamics—mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of the dynamics of historical societies. Turchin is an emeritus professor at the University of Connecticut in the departments of ecology and evolutionary biology and mathematics.
Cultural evolutionCultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change. It follows from the definition of culture as the "information capable of affecting individuals' behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching, imitation and other forms of social transmission". Cultural evolution is the change of this information over time.
Economic historyWorld GDP per capita, 1400–2003Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods, and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business.
ClioIn Greek mythology, Clio (traditionally, but now more frequently; Greek: Κλειώ), also spelled Kleio, Cleio, or Cleo, is the muse of history, or in a few mythological accounts, the muse of lyre-playing. EtymologyClio's name is derived from the Greek root κλέω/κλείω (meaning "to recount", "to make famous" or "to celebrate").
CliometricsCliometrics (, also), sometimes called 'new economic history' or 'econometric history', is the systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of history (especially social and economic history). It is a quantitative approach to economic history (as opposed to qualitative or ethnographic).
MacrosociologyMacrosociology is a large-scale approach to sociology, emphasizing the analysis of social systems and populations at the structural level, often at a necessarily high level of theoretical abstraction. Though macrosociology does concern itself with individuals, families, and other constituent aspects of a society, it does so in relation to larger social system of which such elements form a part.
Alexandre DeulofeuAlexandre Deulofeu i Torres (20 September 1903, in L'Armentera – 27 December 1978, in Figueres) was a Catalan politician and philosopher of history. He wrote about what he called the Mathematics of History, a cyclical theory on the evolution of civilizations.
TransdisciplinarityTransdisciplinarity is an approach that iteratively interweaves knowledge systems, skills, methodologies, values and fields of expertise within inclusive and innovative collaborations that bridge academic disciplines and community perspectives, to develop transformative outcomes that respond to complex societal challenges.
Population declineConcept in human demographicsGlobal rates of population growth and decline (2021–2022); population growth rate takes birth, death, and migration rates into account. Future projections are based on the United Nations World Population Prospects (from 1950 until 2100).Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a humanpopulation size.
Ibn KhaldunIbn Khaldūn (27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab Tunisian scholar, historian, philosopher, and sociologist. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and is considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.Longue duréeThe longue durée (French pronunciation: [lɔ̃ɡ dyʁe]; English: the long term) is the French Annales School approach to the study of history. It gives priority to long-term historical structures over what François Simiand called histoire événementielle ("evental history", the short-term time-scale that is the domain of the chronicler and the journalist).
Population growthPopulation growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.