TanukhThe Tanukh (Arabic: تنوخ, romanized: Tanūkh, sometimes referred to as the Tanukhids (التنوخيون, al-Tanūkhiyyūn), was an Arab tribal group whose history in the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent spanned the 2nd century CE to the 17th century. The group began as a confederation of Arab tribes in eastern Arabia in the 2nd century and migrated to Mesopotamia during Parthian rule in the 3rd century.
DruzeEthnoreligious group of the LevantThe Druze, who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an esoteric religious group of Arabs who adhere to Druzism or the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, esoteric, monotheistic, ethnic, and syncretic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.
Mount LebanonMount Lebanon (Arabic: جبل لبنان, romanized:Jabal Lubnān; Syriac: ܛܘܪ ܠܒܢܢ, romanized:Tur Lebnon) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It is about 170 km (110 mi) long and averages above 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation, with its peak at 3,088 m (10,131 ft). The range provides a typical alpine climate year-round. Mount Lebanon is well-known for its snow-covered mountains, home to surviving Lebanese cedar forests and diverse high-altitude flora and fauna.
DamascusCapital city of SyriaMetropolis in SyriaDamascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital city in the world. Known colloquially in Syria as aš-Šām and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine" (مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ, Madīnat al-Yāsmīn), Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area.
EmirEmir (; Arabic: أميرʾamīr (listen), also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a history of use in West Asia, East Africa, North Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia.
BeirutCapital and largest city of LebanonCapital city and municipality in LebanonBeirut ( ; Arabic: بيروت, romanised: Bayrūt) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As of 2025, Greater Beirut has a population of 2.4 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the twelfth-largest city in the Levant region and the sixteenth-largest in the Arab world. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's coast.
Siege of Beirut (1110)BelligerentsKingdom of JerusalemCounty of ToulouseRepublic of GenoaRepublic of PisaFatimid CaliphateCommanders and leadersBaldwin I of JerusalemBertrand of Toulouse Governor of BeirutStrength Unknown number of CrusadersTwenty-two Genoese galleys UnknownCasualties and losses Unknown UnknownThe siege of Beirut in 1110 occurred in the aftermath of the First Crusade.
LevantThe Levant is a subregion of West Asia along the that forms part of the Middle East. The term is often used in conjunction with historical or cultural references. In its narrowest sense, used in archaeology and other contexts, the Levant refers to Cyprus and land bordering the Levantine Sea () in West Asia that includes Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, and south Cilicia (Turkey).
ArabsEthnic groupArabs (Arabic: عَرَب) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Before the spread of Arabic language in the wake of the Arab conquests, "Arab" largely referred to the Semitic inhabitants—both settled and nomadic—of the Arabian Peninsula and the Syrian Desert.
Romanization of ArabicThe romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spokenArabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists.
CrusadesReligious wars of the High Middle Ages14th-century miniature of the Battle of Dorylaeum (1147), a Second Crusade battle, from the Estoire d'EraclesThe Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by the papacy between 1095 and 1291 against Muslim rulers for the recovery and defence of the Holy Land, as part of a wider crusading movement.
AtabegAtabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince. The first instance of the title's use was with early Seljuk Turks who bestowed it on the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk.
Iqta'An iqta (Arabic: إقطاع, romanized: iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa (Arabic: إقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of farming out tax revenues yielded by land granted temporarily to army officials in place of a regular wage; it became common in the Muslim empire of the Caliphate. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrators of an Iqta were known as muqti or wali. They collected land revenue and looked after general administration.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.