QuartzQuartz is a hard mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). Its atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen atom being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Therefore, quartz is classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most common mineral or mineral group in Earth's lithosphere, comprising about 12% by mass.
Sedimentary rockSedimentary rocks are types of rock formed by the cementation of sediments—i.e. particles made of minerals (geological detritus) or organic matter (biological detritus)—that have been accumulated or deposited at Earth's surface. Sedimentation is any process that causes these particles to settle in place. Geological detritus originates from weathering and erosion of existing rocks, or from the solidification of molten lava blobs erupted by volcanoes.
FeldsparFeldspar ( ; sometimes spelled felspar) is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium. The most common members of the feldspar group are the plagioclase (sodium-calcium) feldspars and the alkali (potassium-sodium) feldspars. Feldspars make up about 60% of the Earth's crust and 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.
SandstoneSandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains, cemented together by another mineral. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to the weathering processes at the Earth's surface.
MicaMicas () are a group of silicateminerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into fragile elastic plates. This characteristic is described as perfect basal cleavage. Mica is common in igneous and metamorphic rock and is occasionally found as small flakes in sedimentary rock.
Iron oxideAn iron oxide is a chemical compound composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust. Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite.
SandSand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is usually defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass.
CalciteCalcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses. Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite.
Hydrochloric acidNames IUPAC nameChloraneOther names Muriatic acidSpirits of saltHydronium chlorideChlorhydric acidIdentifiers CAS Number7647-01-0ChEMBLChEMBL1231821ChemSpider307DrugBankDB13366ECHA InfoCard100.210.665EC Number231-595-7E numberE507 (acidity regulators, ...)PubChemCID313monohydrate: 21885828dihydrate: 21899424trihydrate: 21864422hexahydrate: 22077275UNIIQTT17582CBUN number1789 InChImonohydrate: InChI=1S/ClH.H2O/h1H;1H2Key: DKAGJZJALZXOOV-UHFFFAOYSA-Ndihydrate: InChI=1S/ClH.2H2O/h1H;2*1H2Key: NSNHWTBQMQIDCF-UHFFFAOYSA-Ntrihydrate: InChI=1S/ClH.3H2O/h1H;3*1H2Key: CUGZEDSDRBMZMY-UHFFFAOYSA-Nhexahydrate: InChI=1S/ClH.6H2O/h1H;6*1H2Key: VOAPTKOANCCNFV-UHFFFAOYSA-NSMILESmonohydrate: [OH3+].[Cl-]dihydrate: O.[OH3+].[Cl-]trihydrate: O.O.[OH3+].[Cl-]hexahydrate: O.O.O.O.O.[OH3+].[Cl-]Properties Chemical formulaHCl(aq) Molar mass36.46 g·mol Appearance Colorless, transparent liquid, fumes in air if concentrated OdorPungent characteristic Density1.18 g/cm (37%Wt at 20°C) Melting pointConcentration-dependent – see tableBoiling pointConcentration-dependent – see tablelog P0.00 Acidity (pKa) −5.9 (HCl gas) Pharmacology ATC codeA09AB03 (WHO) B05XA13 (WHO) Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsCorrosive, reactive, toxic fumes GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH290, H314, H335Precautionary statementsP234, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 301ACIDFlash pointNon-flammable Related compounds Other anionsHydrofluoric acidHydrobromic acidHydroiodic acidRelated compoundsHydrogen chlorideSupplementary data page Hydrochloric acid (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)
Bed (geology)In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". A bedding surface or bedding plane is respectively a curved surface or plane that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology) from the preceding or following bed. In cross sections, bedding surfaces or planes are often called bedding contacts.
FossilPreserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological ageExamples of animal fossils. Clockwise from top left: Onychocrinus, Palaeosinopa, Gryphaea, and HarpactocarcinusA fossil (from Classical Latinfossilis, lit. 'obtained by digging') is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.Detritus (geology)Detritus (; adj. detrital ) is particles of rock derived from pre-existing rock through weathering and erosion. A fragment of detritus is called a clast. Detrital particles can consist of lithic fragments (particles of recognisable rock), or of monomineralic fragments (mineral grains). These particles are often transported through sedimentary processes into depositional systems such as riverbeds, lakes or the ocean, forming sedimentary successions.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.