FricativeConsonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together, forming a tight stricture.
Voiced palatal approximantA voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "y" sound in "young". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩; the equivalent symbol in the Americanist phonetic notation is ⟨y⟩.
Voiced alveolar approximantA voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to most English-speakers as the ⟨r⟩ sound in rose (though typically § postalveolar). The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents it is ⟨ɹ⟩, a lowercase Latin letter ⟨r⟩ rotated 180 degrees.
Voiced labial–velar approximantA voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spokenlanguages. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or occasionally broken down as ⟨ɰʷ⟩. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of a close back rounded vowel[u].
SonorantIn phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages. Vowels are sonorants, as are semivowels like [j] and [w], nasals like [m] and [n], and liquids (laterals and rhotics) like [l] and [r]. This set of sounds contrasts with the obstruents (stops, affricates and fricatives).
VowelSound in spoken language, articulated with an open vocal tractIPA: Vowels audiofull chartLegend: unrounded • roundedA vowel is a speech sound pronounced with minimal to no stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, loudness, and length. They are usually voiced and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.
Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximantsConsonantal sounds represented by ⟨l⟩ in IPAVoiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants are a type of consonantal sound used in many spokenlanguages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "l" sound in "lift". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents them is ⟨l⟩. As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/ are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere.
Liquid consonantClass of speech sounds In linguistics, a liquid consonant or simply liquid is a consonant class that consists of rhotics and laterals, which are also respectively described as "R-like" and "L-like" sounds. Liquids have also been defined as "non-nasal sonorant consonants" (although this definition often includes semivowels as well).
Manner of articulationIn articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound. The primary parameters of manner are stricture (degree of constriction) – that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another – and the resulting airflow. Manner is paired with place of articulation and phonation in defining consonants.
TurbulenceIn fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion exhibiting chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.Phone (phonetics)In phonetics (a branch of linguistics), a phone is any distinct speech sound. It is any surface-level or unanalyzed sound of a language, the smallest identifiable unit occurring inside a stream of speech. In spoken human language, a phone is thus any vowel or consonant sound. In sign languages, a phone is the equivalent of a unit of gesture.
Articulatory phoneticsBranch of linguistics studying how humans make sounds The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy.
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