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MannoseMannose is a sugar with the formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CHO, which sometimes is abbreviated Man. It is one of the monomers of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. It is a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism.

MonosaccharideMonosaccharides (from Greek: single, : sugar), also called simple sugars, are a class of organic compounds usually with the formula (CH2O)x. By definition they have two or more carbon-carbon bonds. More specifically, they are classified as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones with the respective formulas H-[CHOH]n-CHO or H-[CHOH]m-CO-[CHOH]n-H respectively.

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvensButyrivibrio fibrisolvens is an anaerobic species of bacterium in the family Lachnospiraceae. It is the type species of the genus Butyrivibrio. Its cells are motile, curved rods that generally bear a single flagellum. Although its cell-envelope structure is Gram-positive, cultures frequently give a Gram-negative staining reaction. The type strain, D1, was isolated from the rumen of cattle.

IdoseIdose is a hexose, a six carbon monosaccharide. It has an aldehyde group and is thus an aldose. Idose is not found in nature, but its oxidized derivative iduronic acid, is a component of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, which are glycosaminoglycans. The first and third hydroxyls point the opposite way from the second and fourth. It is made by aldol condensation of D- and L-glyceraldehyde. L-Idose is a C-5 epimer of D-glucose. It can be identified by mass spectrometry.

EpimerIn stereochemistry, an epimer is one of a pair of diastereomers. The two epimers have opposite configuration at only one stereogenic center out of at least two. All other stereogenic centers in the molecules are the same in each. Epimerization is the interconversion of one epimer to the other epimer.

MethanolCH3OH; simplest possible alcoholA sample of methanolNames Preferred IUPAC nameMethanolOther names CarbinolColumbian spiritsHydroxymethaneMethyl alcoholMethyl hydrateMethyl hydroxideMethylic alcoholMethylolMethylene hydrate, primary alcoholPyroligneous spiritWood alcoholWood naphthaWood spiritIdentifiers CAS Number67-56-13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageAbbreviations MeOH Beilstein Reference1098229 ChEBICHEBI:17790ChEMBLChEMBL14688ChemSpider864ECHA InfoCard100.000.599EC Number200-659-6Gmelin Reference449 KEGGD02309MeSHMethanolPubChemCID887RTECS numberPC1400000UNIIY4S76JWI15UN number1230 CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID2021731InChIInChI=1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYAXSMILESCOProperties Chemical formulaCH3OH Molar mass32.042 g·mol Appearance Colourless liquid OdorFaint and similar to ethanol Density0.792 g/cm Melting point−97.6 °C (−143.7 °F; 175.6 K) Boiling point64.7 °C (148.5 °F; 337.8 K) Solubility in watermisciblelog P−0.69 Vapor pressure13.02 kPa (at 20 °C) Acidity (pKa) 15.5 Conjugate acidMethyloxonium Conjugate baseMethanolateMagnetic susceptibility (χ)−21.40·10 cm/mol Refractive index (nD)1.33141 Viscosity0.545 mPa·s (at 25 °C) Dipole moment1.69 D Thermochemistry Heat of combustion, higher value (HHV)725.7 kJ/mol, 173.4 kcal/mol, 5.77 kcal/g Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardsMethanol and its vapours are flammable.Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may be delayed, become severe after 12 to 18 hours, and linger for several days after exposure GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordDangerHazard statementsH225, H301, H302, H305, H311, H331, H370Precautionary statementsP210, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P311, P312, P337+P313, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 130Flash point11 to 12 °C (52 to 54 °F; 284 to 285 K) Autoignitiontemperature470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)385 °C (725 °F; 658 K)Explosive limits6–36% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)5628 mg/kg (rat, oral)7300 mg/kg (mouse, oral)12880 mg/kg (rat, oral)14200 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)LC50 (median concentration)64,000 ppm (rat, 4 h) LCLo (lowest published)33,082 ppm (cat, 6h)37,594 ppm (mouse, 2h)NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) REL (Recommended)TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m) ST 250 ppm (325 mg/m) [skin] IDLH (Immediate danger)6000 ppm Safety data sheet (SDS) [1]Related compounds Related compoundsMethanethiolSilanolEthanolSupplementary data page Methanol (data page)Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).N verify ( ?)

HexoseIn chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. The chemical formula for all hexoses is C6H12O6, and their molecular weight is 180.156 g/mol. The hexose glucose is the most abundant biomolecule and is used by all living organisms to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used by the cell as energy. Hexoses exist in two forms, open-chain or cyclic, that easily convert into each other in aqueous solutions.