Hebrew alphabetAlphabet of the Hebrew languageThe Hebrew alphabet or aleph-bet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי, Alefbet ivri), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is a unicameralabjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. Alphabets based on the Hebrew script are used to write other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian.
Syriac alphabetThis article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper , you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of Syriac alphabet.
Egyptian hieroglyphsAncient Egyptian hieroglyphs (, ) or hieroglyphics were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined ideographic, logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood.
Phoenician alphabetWriting system used c. 1050 to 146 BCThe Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) that was used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC. It was one of the first alphabets, attested in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions found across the .
Arabic alphabetThe Arabic alphabet, or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is a unicameral script written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual forms. The Arabic alphabet is an abjad, meaning that the letters only record consonants; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
Ancient North ArabianCollection of scripts and possibly a language Ancient North ArabianScript type Abjad Period8th century BCE to 4th century CELanguagesDadanitic, Taymanitic, Dumaitic, Thamudic, Safaitic, HismaicRelated scriptsParent systemsProto-Sinaitic scriptSouth Semitic scriptAncient North ArabianSister systemsAncient South ArabianISO 15924ISO 15924Narb (106), Old North Arabian (Ancient North Arabian)UnicodeUnicode aliasOld North ArabianUnicode rangeU+10A80–U+10A9F Languages and scripts in 1st century Arabia Ancient North Arabian (ANA) is a collection of scripts and a language or family of languages under the North Arabian languages branch along with Old Arabic that were used in north and central Arabia and south Syria from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE.
Ancient South Arabian scriptThe Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵, romanized: msnd; modern Arabic: الْمُسْنَدmusnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE, and remained in use through the late sixth century CE. It is an abjad, a writing system where only consonants are obligatorily written, a trait shared with its predecessor, Proto-Sinaitic, as well as some of its sibling writing systems, including Arabic and Hebrew.
Aramaic alphabetScript used to write the Aramaic language The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian peoples throughout the Fertile Crescent.
AcrophonyAcrophony (; Ancient Greek: ἄκρος, romanized: akros, lit.'uppermost' + φωνήphone 'sound') is the naming of letters of an alphabetic writing system so that a letter's name begins with the letter itself. For example, Greek letter names are acrophonic: the names of the letters α, β, γ, δ, are spelled with the respective letters: άλφα (alpha), βήτα (beta), γάμμα (gamma), δέλτα (delta).Modifier letter right half ringThe modifier letter right half ring (ʾ) is a character found in Unicode in the Spacing Modifier Letters range (although it is not a modifier, but a standalone grapheme). It is used in romanization to transliterate the Semitic abjad letter aleph and the Arabic letter hamza after it was used by The Encyclopedia of Islam (later the International Journal of Middle East Studies), representing the sound /ʔ/ (a glottal stop, as in Arabic ء hamza or Hebrew א alef).Letter (alphabet)In a writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two. An alphabet is a writing system that uses letters.
AbjadAn abjad (; or abgad, lit.'alphabet') is a writing system in which only consonants are represented by letter signs, leaving the vowels to be inferred by the reader (unless represented otherwise, such as by diacritics). This contrasts with alphabets that provide graphemes for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels.
OxAn ox (pl.: oxen), also known as a steer or bullock (in British, Australian, and Indian English), is a large bovine, trained and used as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly castrated adult male cattle, because castration inhibits testosterone and aggression, which makes the males docile and safer to work with. Cows (intact females) or bulls (intact males) may also be used in some areas.
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