Cannabis consumptionCannabis consumption refers to the variety of ways cannabis is consumed, among which inhalation (smoking and vaporizing) and ingestion are most common. All consumption methods involve heating the plant's THCA to decarboxylate it into THC, either at the time of consumption or during preparation. Salves and absorption through the skin (transdermal) are increasingly common in medical uses, both of CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids.
TetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a cannabinoid found in cannabis. It is the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term THC usually refers to the delta-9-THC isomer with chemical name (−)-trans-Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol.
Cannabis (drug)Cannabis (), commonly known as marijuana (), weed, pot, Mary Jane, and ganja, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, cannabis has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional medicines for centuries.
11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC or THC-COOH), often referred to as 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC or THC-11-oic acid, is the main secondary metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is formed in the body after cannabis is consumed. Metabolism and detection11-COOH-THC is formed in the body by oxidation of the active metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) by liver enzymes.
Cannabis cultureCannabis culture describes a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depend heavily upon cannabis consumption, particularly as an entheogen, recreational drug and medicine. Historically, cannabis has been used as an entheogen to induce spiritual experiences – most notably in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2000 BCE.
CYP2C9More reference expression dataBioGPSEnsemblUniProtRefSeq (mRNA)RefSeq (protein)Location (UCSC)Chr 10: 94.94 – 94.99 MbChr 19: 39.05 – 39.08 MbPubMed searchWikidataCytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzymeprotein. The enzyme is involved in the metabolism, by oxidation, of both xenobiotics, including drugs, and endogenous compounds, including fatty acids. In humans, the protein is encoded by the CYP2C9gene.MetaboliteIn biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones).
CYP3A4More reference expression dataBioGPSEnsemblUniProtRefSeq (mRNA)RefSeq (protein)Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 99.76 – 99.78 Mbn/aPubMed searchn/aWikidataCytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC1.14.14.56) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and the intestine. In humans is encoded by CYP3A4 gene. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body.
Psychoactive drugChemical substance that alters brain functionAn assortment of commonly used psychoactive drugs, including both street drugs and medications (alcohol and caffeine omitted): CocaineCrack cocaineMethylphenidate (Ritalin)EphedrineMDMA (ecstasy)Peyote (mescaline)LSD blotterPsilocybin mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis)Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) (Unscheduled drug)Amanita muscaria mushroom (muscimol) (Unscheduled drug)Salvia divinorum (salvinorin A)Tylenol 3 (acetaminophen/codeine)Codeine with muscle relaxantPipe tobacco (nicotine) (Unscheduled drug)Bupropion (Wellbutrin)Cannabis (THC)Hashish (THC)Coffee (containing caffeine) being consumed in a social environment; caffeine is widely legal virtually everywhere worldwide making it the most commonly used psychoactive drug.Depiction of alcohol and tobacco (containing nicotine) being used, both of which are commonly legal psychoactive drugs.Chart of relative harmfulness of some psychoactive substancesA psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, psychoactive substance, or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that alters psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system (CNS) activity.
DehydrogenaseA dehydrogenase is an enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron acceptor, usually NAD/NADP or a flavincoenzyme such as FAD or FMN.
HydroxylationIn chemistry, hydroxylation refers to the installation of a hydroxyl group (−OH) into an organic compound. Hydroxylations generate alcohols and phenols, which are very common functional groups. Hydroxylation confers some degree of water-solubility. Hydroxylation of a hydrocarbon is an oxidation, thus a step in degradation.
Cytochrome P450Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted.*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.