Order Of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
   HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - Order Of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
OR:
Order Of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

The Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk () is an
Order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...
of the
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...
and the former
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
. It was established in 1990 after the
Velvet Revolution The Velvet Revolution () or Gentle Revolution () was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Pa ...
, and re-established in 1994 (following the
dissolution of Czechoslovakia The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which took effect on December 31, 1992, was the Self-determination, self-determined Partition (politics), partition of the federal republic of Fifth Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovakia into the independent ...
). The
President of the Czech Republic The president of the Czech Republic, constitutionally defined as the President of the Republic (), is the head of state of the Czech Republic and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. The presidency has largely bee ...
awards it to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the development of democracy, humanity and human rights. Unlike in the past, it is awarded to the Czech citizens and foreigners alike. The order has five classes, of which class I is the highest. The order is named in honor of
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include: Given name Sport *Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...
, an advocate of Czechoslovak independence and the first President of
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
.


Design

The insignia was designed by Vladimír Oppl. The badge is a blue enameled star-shaped ornament with Masaryk's portrait placed in the center. A medallion placed centrally on the reverse of the badge bears the Greater
Coat of Arms of the Czech Republic The coat of arms of the Czech Republic () is divided into two principal variants. Greater coat of arms displays the three Historical regions of Central Europe, historical regions—the Czech lands—which make up the nation. Lesser coat of arms ...
encircled by a white ring with the inscription "VĚRNI ZŮSTANEME" ("We Shall Remain Faithful"), the motto of the Order.


Ribbon bars


Recipients


Czechoslovakia


1991

*Cardinal Josef Beran, in memoriam, class I *
Josef Čapek Josef Čapek (; 23 March 1887 – April 1945) was a Czech artist who was best known as a painter, but who was also noted as a writer and a poet. He invented the word "robot", which was introduced into literature by his brother, Karel Čapek. ...
, h.c., in memoriam, class I *
Václav Černý Václav Černý may refer to: * Václav Černý (writer) (1905–1987), Czech writer * Václav Černý (footballer) (born 1997), Czech footballer {{hndis, Cerny, Vaclav ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Rudolf Firkušný Rudolf Firkušný (; 11 February 191219 July 1994) was a Moravians, Moravian-born, Moravian-American classical pianist. Life Born in the Moravian town of Napajedla, Firkušný started his musical studies with the composers Leoš Janáček an ...
, class I *
Milan Hodža Milan Hodža (1 February 1878 – 27 June 1944) was a Slovak politician and journalist, serving from 1935 to 1938 as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. As a proponent of regional integration, he was known for his attempts to establish a demo ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Milada Horáková Milada Horáková (born: Králová, 25 December 1901 – 27 June 1950) was a Czech politician and a member of the underground resistance movement during World War II. She was a victim of judicial murder, convicted and executed by the Communis ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Janko Jesenský Baron Ján Jesenský (30 December 1874 in Tučiansky Svätý Martin (), Kingdom of Hungary (present day Martin, Slovakia) – 27 December 1945 in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) was a Slovak lower nobleman of the House of Jeszenszky, poet, prose ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Dušan Jurkovič Dušan Samo Jurkovič (23 August 1868, Turá Lúka – 21 December 1947, Bratislava) was a Slovak architect, furniture designer, artist and ethnographer. One of the best-known promoters of Slovak art in 20th century Czechoslovakia, he is rememb ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Záviš Kalandra Záviš Kalandra (10 November 1902 – 27 June 1950) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak historian, theatre critic and theorist of literature. He was born in Frenštát pod Radhoštěm. He studied philosophy at the Charles University in Prague and ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Rafael Kubelík Rafael Jeroným Kubelík, KBE (29 June 1914 – 11 August 1996) was a Czech conductor and composer. The son of a distinguished violinist, Jan Kubelík, he was trained in Prague and made his debut with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra at the a ...
, class I *
Jan Masaryk Jan Garrigue Masaryk (14 September 1886 – 10 March 1948) was a Czech diplomat and politician who served as the Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1940 to 1948. American journalist John Gunther described Masaryk as "a brave, honest, turbule ...
, Dr.h.c., in memoriam, class I *
Jan Palach Jan Palach (; 11 August 1948 – 19 January 1969) was a Czech student of history and political economics at Charles University in Prague. His self-immolation in 1969 at age 20 was a political protest against the end of the Prague Spring resul ...
, in memoriam, class I * Ján Papánek, class I *
Jan Patočka Jan Patočka (; 1 June 1907 – 13 March 1977) was a Czech philosopher. Having studied in Prague, Paris, Berlin, and Freiburg, he was one of the last pupils of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. In Freiburg he also developed a lifelong philos ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Ferdinand Peroutka Ferdinand Peroutka (6 February 1895 – 20 April 1978) was a Czech journalist and writer. A prominent political thinker and journalist during the First Czechoslovak Republic, Peroutka was persecuted by the Nazi regime for his democratic convict ...
, in memoriam, class I * Daniel Rapant, in memoriam, class I * Fedor Ruppeldt, in memoriam, class I *
Jaroslav Seifert Jaroslav Seifert (; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Czech writer, poet and journalist. Seifert was awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides ...
, in memoriam, class I * Rostislav Sochorec, in memoriam, class I * Milan Šimečka, in memoriam, class I *
Svätopluk Štúr Svatopluk (in modern Czech) or Svätopluk (in modern Slovak) is a Slavic given name. It may refer to: People *Svatopluk I of Moravia (c. 840–894), prince of Great Moravia from 870/871 to 894 *Svätopluk II (died c. 906), a son of Svatopluk I, pri ...
, in memoriam, class I * Dominik Tatarka, in memoriam, class I *Cardinal František Tomášek, class I *
Jan Zajíc Jan Zajíc (died 25 February 1969) was a Czechs, Czech student who killed himself by self-immolation as a political protest. Biography He was a student of the Střední průmyslová škola železniční (Industrial Highschool of Railways) techn ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Tomáš Baťa Tomáš Baťa () (3 April 1876 – 12 July 1932) was a Czech entrepreneur and founder of the Bata shoe company. His career was cut short when he died in a plane accident due to bad weather. Baťa's half-brother Jan Antonín Baťa took over h ...
, class II *
Prokop Drtina Prokop may mean either of two Hussite generals, both of whom died in the 1434 battle of Lipan: * Prokop the Great * Prokop the Lesser Other people who bore the name Prokop: * Procopius, 6c historian * Saint Prokop, or Procopius of Sázava Sain ...
, in memoriam, class II * Rudolf Fraštacký, in memoriam, class II *
Pavol Peter Gojdič Pavol is a masculine Slovak given name, equivalent to Paul. Notable people with the name * Pavol Adami (1739–1795), Slovak scientist and scholar, one of the first veterinarians * Pavol Bajza (born 1991), Slovak footballer * Pavol Baláž ( ...
, in memoriam, class II * Josef Grňa, in memoriam, class II * Egon Hostovský, in memoriam, class II *
Roman Jakobson Roman Osipovich Jakobson (, ; 18 July 1982) was a Russian linguist and literary theorist. A pioneer of structural linguistics, Jakobson was one of the most celebrated and influential linguists of the twentieth century. With Nikolai Trubetzk ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Jiří Kolář Jiří Kolář (24 September 1914, Protivín – 11 August 2002, Prague) was a Czech poet, writer, painter and translator. His work included both literary and visual art. Life Kolář was born in Protivín on September 29, 1914, in a work ...
, class II *
Jindřich Kolovrat Jindřich is Czech form of the English name Henry. People with the given name include: * Jindřich Bačkovský (1912–2000), Czech physicist *Jindřich Balcar (1950–2013), Czechoslovak ski jumper who competed from 1974 to 1976 * Jindřich Chmela ...
, class II * Martin Kvetko, class II * Jan Lang, class II *
Jozef Lettrich Jozef Lettrich (17 June 1905 in Turčianske Teplice — 29 November 1969 in New York City) was a Slovak writer and politician. Lettrich is best known as the leader of the non-Communist, big tent Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1944), Democratic Part ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Bohuslav Martinů Bohuslav Jan Martinů (; December 8, 1890 – August 28, 1959) was a Czech composer of modern classical music. He wrote 6 symphony, symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and a large body of orchestral, chamber music, chamber, vocal and ins ...
, in memoriam, class II * Anastáz Opasek, class II * Hubert Ripka, in memoriam, class II * František Schwarzenberg, class II *
Koloman Sokol Koloman Sokol (12 December 1902 – 12 January 2003) was one of the most prominent Slovak painters, graphic artists and illustrators. He was a founder of modern Slovak graphic art. Biography Koloman Sokol was born in Liptovský Mikuláš. H ...
, class II * Jaroslav Stránský, in memoriam, class II *
Jan Šrámek Jan Šrámek (11 August 1870 – 22 April 1956) was the prime minister of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile from 21 July 1940 to 5 April 1945. He was the first chairman of the Czechoslovak People's Party and was a Monsignor Monsignor (; ) ...
, in memoriam, class II * Vavro J. Šrobár, in memoriam, class II *
Jan Zahradníček Jan Zahradníček (17 January 1905, Mastník, Moravia − 10 October 1960, Vlčatín) was a Moravian (Czech) poet, journalist and translator. He was one of the most important Czech Catholic poets of the 20th century. Because of his faith and ...
, in memoriam, class II * Petr Zenkl, in memoriam, class II * Josef Zvěřina, in memoriam, class II *
Samuel Belluš Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated a ...
, class III * Johann Wolfgang Brügel, in memoriam, class III *
Jan Čep Jan Čep (31 December 1902, Litovel, Myslechovice – 25 January 1974, Paris) was a Czechs, Czech writer and translator. Life Čep was born in 1902 in the village of Myslechovice (now a part of Litovel), Moravia, to a family of peasants. After ...
, in memoriam, class III * Ivo Ducháček, in memoriam, class III *
Karel Engliš Karel Engliš (17 August 188015 June 1961) was a Czech economist, political scientist, and founder of teleological economic theory.Holman, Robert, et al. ('History of economic thought'). Prague: C. H. Beck, 2005. . p. 504. Engliš was th ...
, in memoriam, class III * Jozef Felix, in memoriam, class III *
Viktor Fischl Avigdor Dagan (Hebrew: אביגדור דגן; born Viktor Fischl; 30 June 1912 – 28 May 2006) was a Czech-Israeli writer, playwright, literary translator, and diplomat. Prior to adopting the Hebraic name in 1955, his name was Viktor Fischl, ' ...
(Avigdor Dagan), class III * Bedřich Fučík, in memoriam, class III * Alexandr Heidler, in memoriam, class III *
Václav Hlavatý Václav Hlavatý (27 January 1894 – 11 January 1969) was a noted Czech people, Czech-United States, American mathematician, who wrote on the theory of relativity and corresponded extensively with Albert Einstein on the subject. In particular, H ...
, in memoriam, class III * Vincent Hložník, class III * Fedor Hodža, in memoriam, class III *
Vladimír Holan Vladimír Holan (; September 16, 1905 – March 31, 1980) was a Czechoslovak poet famous for employing obscure language, dark topics and pessimistic views in his poems. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in the late 1960s. Life Holan was bor ...
, in memoriam, class III * Josef Hora, in memoriam, class III * Ota Hora, class III *
Jindřich Chalupecký Jindřich is Czech form of the English name Henry. People with the given name include: * Jindřich Bačkovský (1912–2000), Czech physicist *Jindřich Balcar (1950–2013), Czechoslovak ski jumper who competed from 1974 to 1976 * Jindřich Chmela ...
, in memoriam, class III * Ján Jamnický, in memoriam, class III * Štefan Janšák, Dr.h.c., in memoriam, class III *
Zdeněk Kalista Zdeněk Kalista (22 July 1900 – 17 June 1982) was a Czech historian, poet, literary critic, editor and translator. He also published his early works under the name Z. V. Kalista. Biography Kalista was born on 22 July 1900 in Benátky nad Jiz ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Imrich Karvaš Imrich Karvaš (25 February 1903 – 22 February 1981) was a Slovak economist. Life Imrich Karvaš was born in Varšany, on 25 February 1903. He entered the Law Faculty of Comenius University in Bratislava in 1921, graduating in 1925. After grad ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Božena Komárková Božena Komárková (28 January 1903, Tišnov – 27 January 1997, Brno) was a Czech philosopher and theologian. Most of her work remained unknown both in the Czech Republic and abroad till the Velvet Revolution, since Nazism, Nazi and Communism, ...
, class III * Ivan Krasko, in memoriam, class III *
Leopold Lahola Leopold may refer to: People * Leopold (given name), including a list of people named Leopold or Léopold * Leopold (surname) Fictional characters * Leopold (The Simpsons), Leopold (''The Simpsons''), Superintendent Chalmers' assistant on ''The ...
, in memoriam, class III *
František Lederer Francis Lederer (November 6, 1899 – May 25, 2000) was an Austro-Hungarian Empire-born American film and stage actor with a successful career, first in Europe, then in the United States. His original name was František (Franz) Lederer. Early ...
, in memoriam, class III * Cyprián Majerník, in memoriam, class III * Ivan Medek, class III *
Václav Neumann Václav Neumann (29 October 1920 – 2 September 1995) was a Czech conductor, violinist, violist, and opera director. Life and career Neumann was born in Prague, where he studied at the Prague Conservatory with Josef Micka (violin), and ...
, class III * Jaroslav Pecháček, class III *
Přemysl Pitter Přemysl Pitter (21 June 1895 – 15 February 1976) was a Czech humanist, pacifist, pedagogue, social worker and evangelical preacher. He founded Milíč House in Prague, during World War II supported Jewish families and after the end of the ...
, in memoriam, class III * Karel Plicka, in memoriam, class III *
Alfréd Radok Alfréd Radok (17 December 1914 in – 22 April 1976) was a distinguished Czech people, Czech stage director and film director. Radok's work belongs with the top Czech stage direction of the 20th century. He is often cited as a ''formalist'' in h ...
, in memoriam, class III * Milan Rúfus, class III * Josef Šafařík, class III * František Švantner, in memoriam, class III *
Eduard Táborský Eduard Model Accessories is a Czech manufacturer of plastic models and finescale model accessories. History Formed in 1989 in the city of Most, Eduard began in a rented cellar as a manufacturer of photoetched brass model components. Follo ...
, class III *
Zdeněk Urbánek Zdeněk is a Czech male given name derived from the Latin name Sidonius. contested the relation with the Latin name, and an alternative etymology is a diminutive of Zdeslav.Jan Svoboda, Staročeská osobní jména se základem sd , sdě-, :Onom ...
, class III * Jan Vladislav, class III *
Jiří Weil Jiří Weil (; 6 August 1900, Praskolesy – 13 December 1959, Prague) was a Czech writer of Jewish origin and Holocaust survivors, Holocaust survivor. His noted works include the two novels ''Life with a Star'' (''Život s hvězdou''), and ''Men ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Otto Wichterle Otto Wichterle (; 27 October 1913 – 18 August 1998) was a Czech chemist, best known for his invention of modern soft contact lenses. Wichterle was the author or co-author of approximately 180 patents and over 200 publications. The studie ...
, class III * Rudolf Briška, in memoriam, class IV * Oskár Ferianc, in memoriam, class IV * Ctibor Filčík, in memoriam, class IV * Alexander Hirner, in memoriam, class IV * Ján Jesenský, in memoriam, class IV *Jiří Král, class IV *
Anna Kvapilová Anna may refer to: People Surname and given name * Anna (name) Mononym * Anna the Prophetess, in the Gospel of Luke * Anna of East Anglia, King (died c.654) * Anna (wife of Artabasdos) (fl. 715–773) * Anna (daughter of Boris I) (9th–10th ce ...
, class IV * Michal Lukniš, in memoriam, class IV * Ján Mikleš, class IV * Jarmila Novotná-Daubek, class IV * Gustáv Papp, class IV * Bernadeta Pánčiová, class IV * Bohumil Sekla, in memoriam, class IV * Ester Šimerová-Martinčeková, class IV * Jan Šimsa, class IV * Jaroslav Werstadt, in memoriam, class IV * Peter Zaťko, in memoriam, class IV


1992

*
Ivan Dérer Ivan Dérer (2 March 1884 in Malacka, Kingdom of Hungary – 10 March 1973 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a prominent Slovak politician, lawyer, journalist and regional chairman of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party in Slovakia. ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Alfred Fuchs Alfred Fuchs (2 August 1870, Karolinenthal bei Prague – 5 October 1927, Döbling, Wien) was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist. He studied medicine at the universities of Prague and Vienna, receiving his medical doctorate in 1894. He ...
, in memoriam, class I * Jozef Gregor-Tajovský, in memoriam, class I *
Kamil Krofta Kamil Krofta (17 July 1876 – 16 August 1945) was a Czechs, Czech historian and diplomat.Honajzer George (1995). ''Vznik a rozpad vládních koalic v Československu v letech 1918-1938.'' stablishment and dissolution of government coalitions i ...
, in memoriam, class I *Ivan Markovič, in memoriam, class I *Štefan Osuský">Ivan Markovič">stablishment and dissolution of government coalitions i ...
, in memoriam, class I *Ivan Markovič, in memoriam, class I *Štefan Osuský, in memoriam, class I *Lev Sychrava, in memoriam, class I *Přemysl Šámal, in memoriam, class I *Jaroslav Šimsa, in memoriam, class I *Josef Štemberka, in memoriam, class I *Vladislav Vančura, in memoriam, class I * Vladimír Pavol Čobrda, in memoriam, class II *
Vojta Beneš Vojta Beneš (11 May 1878 – 20 November 1951) was a Czech educator, political leader in Czechoslovakia and brother of Edvard Beneš. Life and career Vojta Beneš was born in Kožlany, Bohemia, then a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Be ...
, in memoriam, class II * Zdeněk Bořek-Dohalský, in memoriam, class II * Fedor Houdek, in memoriam, class II * Václav Majer, in memoriam, class II * Jozef Országh, in memoriam, class II * Samuel Štefan Osuský, in memoriam, class II *
Antonín Pešl Antonin, Antonín, and Antoñín are masculine given names. Antonín, a Czech name in use in the Czech Republic, and Antonin, a French name in use in France, and French-speaking countries, are both considered alternate forms of Antonino. Antoñí ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Albert Pražák Albert may refer to: Companies * Albert Computers, Inc., a computer manufacturer in the 1980s * Albert Czech Republic, a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic * Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands * Albert Market, a street mar ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Vojtěch Preissig Vojtěch Preissig (also, Voitech Preissig) (31 July 1873 – 11 June 1944) was a Czech typographer, printmaker, designer, illustrator, painter and teacher. He studied in Prague at the School of Applied Industrial Art (in Friedrich Ohmann's D ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Emanuel Rádl Emanuel Rádl (December 21, 1873 – May 12, 1942) was an original Czech biologist, historian of science, philosopher and a critical supporter of Masaryk´s pre-war democratic Czechoslovakia. He earned international renown by his works on the ...
, in memoriam, class II * Juraj Slávik, in memoriam, class II *
Anton Štefánek Anton Štefánek (15 April 1877 – 29 April 1964) was a Slovak politician and sociologist who was involved in the campaign for Czech and Slovak unity and independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was an important promoter of the concept ...
, in memoriam, class II * Jan Uher, in memoriam, class II * Ján Ursíny, in memoriam, class II *
Růžena Vacková Růžena Vacková (23 April 1901 Velké Meziříčí – 14 December 1982 Prague) was a Czech art historian, art theoretician, theatre critic and pedagogue. She also engaged in archaeology. Life Her father was a doctor and a co-founder of the ...
, in memoriam, class II * Ján Bečko, in memoriam, class III * Ján Bulík, in memoriam, class III * František Dvorník, in memoriam, class III * Julius Firt, in memoriam, class III * Vladimír Grégr, in memoriam, class III * Vlasta Kálalová, in memoriam, class III * František Kovárna, in memoriam, class III * František Kriegl, in memoriam, class III * Božena Kuklová-Štúrová, in memoriam, class III * Ján Lichner, in memoriam, class III * Antonín Mandl, in memoriam, class III *
František Němec František Němec (born 9 August 1943) is a Czech actor, dubber, and theater pedagogue. Education and career Němec studied acting at DAMU from 1960 to 1964 and has been teaching there since 1982. He went on to work at Městská divadla pražsk ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Josef Palivec Josef may refer to *Josef (given name) *Josef (surname) * ''Josef'' (film), a 2011 Croatian war film *Musik Josef Musik Josef is a Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments. It was founded by Yukio Nakamura and is the only company in Japan spec ...
, in memoriam, class III * Josef Patejdl, in memoriam, class III *
Františka Plamínková Františka Plamínková (5 February 1875 – 30 June 1942) was a Czechs, Czech feminist and suffrage activist. Trained as a teacher, she became involved in feminism because teachers were forbidden to marry. She transitioned into journalism, writi ...
, in memoriam, class III * Marie Provazníková, in memoriam, class III *
Václav Talich Václav Talich (; 28 May 1883, Kroměříž – 16 March 1961, Beroun) was a Czech conductor, violinist and later a musical pedagogue. He is remembered today as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, the object of countless reissue ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Štěpán Trochta Štěpán Trochta (; 26 March 1905, Francova Lhota – 6 April 1974, Litoměřice) was a Czech Roman Catholic cardinal in the former Czechoslovakia who served as the Bishop of Litoměřice from 1947 until his death and was a professed member ...
, in memoriam, class III * Květoslava Viestová, in memoriam, class III * Františka Zeminová, in memoriam, class III * Stanislav Broj, in memoriam, class IV * Ludwig Czech, in memoriam, class IV *
Josef Ludvík Fischer Josef Ludvík Fischer (6 November 1894 – 17 February 1973) was a Czech philosopher and sociologist, and an exponent of philosophical structuralism. Life Fischer was born on 6 November 1894 in Prague. After studies at upper secondary schools ...
, in memoriam, class IV * Želmíra Gašparíková, in memoriam, class IV * Anna Gašparíková-Horáková, in memoriam, class IV * Helena Koželuhová, in memoriam, class IV *
Karel Kučera Karel may refer to: People * Karel (given name) * Karel (surname) * Charles Karel Bouley (born 1962), American talk radio personality known on air as Karel * Christiaan Karel Appel (1921–2006), Dutch painter and sculptor Business * Karel Elec ...
, in memoriam, class IV * Zdeněk Němeček, in memoriam, class IV *
Václav Paleček Václav () or rarely Vácslav is a Czech male given name. It is among the most common Czech names. The Latinized form of the name is Wenceslaus and the Polish form of the name is Wacław. The name was derived from the old Czech name Veceslav, mea ...
, in memoriam, class IV * Bohumil Přikryl, in memoriam, class IV * Ladislav Radimský, in memoriam, class IV *
Bohuslav Reynek Bohuslav Reynek (31 May 1892 – 28 October 1971) was a Czech poet, writer, painter and translator. Education and personal life Reynek was born on 31 May 1892 in Petrkov (today part of Lípa (Havlíčkův Brod District), Lípa). From 1904 to 1911 ...
, in memoriam, class IV *
Josef Rotnágl Josef may refer to *Josef (given name) *Josef (surname) * ''Josef'' (film), a 2011 Croatian war film *Musik Josef Musik Josef is a Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments. It was founded by Yukio Nakamura and is the only company in Japan spec ...
, in memoriam, class IV *
Evald Schorm Evald Schorm (15 December 1931 – 14 December 1988) was a Czech film and stage director, screenwriter and actor. He directed 26 films between 1959 and 1988. Schorm was a notable exponent of the Czech New Wave, Czech Film New Wave. Biograph ...
, in memoriam, class IV * Jan Slavík, in memoriam, class IV * Karel Steinbach, in memoriam, class IV * Grigorij Žatkovič, in memoriam, class IV


Czech Republic


1995

*
Karel Čapek Karel Čapek (; 9 January 1890 – 25 December 1938) was a Czech writer, playwright, critic and journalist. He has become best known for his science fiction, including his novel '' War with the Newts'' (1936) and play '' R.U.R.'' (''Rossum' ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Ladislav Feierabend Ladislav is a Czech, Slovak and Croatian variant of the Slavic name Vladislav. The female form of this name is Ladislava. Folk etymology occasionally links ''Ladislav'' with the Slavic goddess Lada. Spellings and variations In Bulgarian an ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Karel Otčenášek Karel Otčenášek (13 April 1920 – 23 May 2011) was a Czech prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Early life Otčenášek was born in České Meziříčí, Czech Republic and was ordained a priest on 17 March 1945. Career He became Apostol ...
, class I *
Ladislav Rašín Ladislav is a Czech, Slovak and Croatian variant of the Slavic name Vladislav. The female form of this name is Ladislava. Folk etymology occasionally links ''Ladislav'' with the Slavic goddess Lada. Spellings and variations In Bulgarian and ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Pavel Tigrid Pavel Tigrid (27 October 1917 – 31 August 2003) was a Czech Republic, Czech writer, publisher, author and politician. He is considered one of the most important personalities of the Czech exile journalism. Biography Pavel Schönfeld was born in ...
, class I *
Charles A. Vanik Charles Albert Vanik (April 7, 1913 – August 30, 2007) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1955 to 1981. Early life Vanik was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Stella (née ...
, class I *
René Wellek René Wellek (August 22, 1903 – November 10, 1995) was a Czech- American comparative literary critic. Like Erich Auerbach, Wellek was a product of the Central European philological tradition and was known as a "fair-minded critic of crit ...
, class I *
Bernard Braine Bernard Richard Braine, Baron Braine of Wheatley, PC (24 June 1914 – 5 January 2000) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 42 years, from 1950 to 1992, representing constituencies ...
, class II *
Karel Hrubý Karel may refer to: People * Karel (given name) * Karel (surname) * Charles Karel Bouley (born 1962), American talk radio personality known on air as Karel * Christiaan Karel Appel (1921–2006), Dutch painter and sculptor Business * Karel Elec ...
, class II *
František Langer František Langer (3 March 1888 – 2 August 1965) was a Czech Republic, Czech playwright, screenwriter, essayist, literary critic, publicist and military physician. Life Early life He was born to the secular Jewish family of Maximilian L ...
, in memoriam, class II * Karel Poláček, in memoriam, class II *
Mojmír Povolný Mojmír Povolný (November 25, 1921 – August 21, 2012) was a Czech lawyer and politician. He was a professor of government at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, from 1958 to 1987. He began his academic career with a J.D. degree from Mas ...
, class II * Wolfgang Scheur, class II * Antonín A. Weber, in memoriam, class II * Vilém Brzorád, in memoriam, class III *Josef Fischer, in memoriam, class III *
Ladislav Hejdánek Ladislav Hejdánek (10 May 1927 – 28 April 2020) was a Czech philosopher and a proponent of Charter 77. He was born in Prague and graduated from the Charles University in Prague. In 1952 he attained a degree in philosophy with his dissertati ...
, class III * Zdeněk Rotrekl, class III


1996

*
Jan Opletal Jan Opletal (31 December 1914/1 January 1915 – 11 November 1939) was a student of the Medical Faculty of the Charles University in Prague, who was shot at a Czechoslovak Independence Day rally on 28 October 1939. He was severely injured at ...
, in memoriam, class I *
Rudolf Kirchschläger Rudolf Kirchschläger, GColIH (; 20 March 1915 – 30 March 2000) was an Austrian diplomat, politician and judge. From 1974 to 1986, he served as the president of Austria. Early life and education Born in Niederkappel, Upper Austria, Kirschl ...
, class I * Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, in memoriam, class I * Blahoslav Hrubý, in memoriam, class II * Antonín Hřebík, in memoriam, class II *
Milena Jesenská Milena Jesenská (; 10 August 1896 – 17 May 1944) was a Czech Republic, Czech journalist, writer, editor and translator. She is noted for her correspondence with the author Franz Kafka and was one of the first to translate his work from the ...
, in memoriam, class II * Dominik Pecka, in memoriam, class II * Max van der Stoel, class II * Jakub Čermín, class III * Eugéne V. Faucher, class III *
Viktor Fischl Avigdor Dagan (Hebrew: אביגדור דגן; born Viktor Fischl; 30 June 1912 – 28 May 2006) was a Czech-Israeli writer, playwright, literary translator, and diplomat. Prior to adopting the Hebraic name in 1955, his name was Viktor Fischl, ' ...
, class III *
Slavomír Klaban Slavomír is a Czech and a Slovak masculine given name. It may refer to: * Slavomir of Moravia, medieval duke * Slavomír Bališ, Slovak football player * Slavomír Bartoň, Czech ice hockey player * Slavomír Kňazovický, Slovak sprint canoeist * ...
, class III * Radomír Luža, class III * Anton Otte, class III *
Bohumil Vít Tajovský Bohumil is a male given name of Slavic origin. It means "favoured by God", derived from the Slavic words ''bog'' (god) and ''mil'' (favour). Its feminine equivalent is Bohumila. Nicknames of Bohumil include Bohouš, Bohoušek, Bohuš, Mila, Mile ...
, class III *
Ludvík Vaculík Ludvík Vaculík (23 July 1926 – 6 June 2015) was a Czech writer and journalist. He was born in Brumov, Moravian Wallachia. A prominent samizdat writer, he was best known as the author of the " Two Thousand Words" manifesto of June 1968 ...
, class III * Jiří G. Corn, in memoriam, class IV * Antonín Remeš, in memoriam, class IV


1997

*
Gorazd Gorazd is a given name. It is a Slavic version of the Hebrew given name Gilad which means Hill of Testimony, Monument. Notable people with the given name include: * Saint Gorazd, a disciple of Cyril and Methodius * Gorazd Hiti (born 1948), Slov ...
, Orthodox Bishop of Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia, in memoriam, class I *
Olga Havlová Olga Havlová (nee Šplíchalová; 11 July 1933 – 27 January 1996) was a Czech dissident, activist, and the first wife of Václav Havel, the last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic. Havlová, the inaugural F ...
, in memoriam, class I *
František Halas František Halas (3 October 1901 – 27 October 1949) was a Czechs, Czech poet, translator and politician. He was one of the most significant Czech lyric poets of the 20th century. His poor background influenced his work as well as his communist v ...
, in memoriam, class II *
Rudolf Battěk Rudolf Battěk (2 November 1924 – 17 March 2013) was a Czech sociologist, politician, and political dissident during Czechoslovakia Communist era. Biography Rudolf Battěk was born on the 2 November 1924 to Czech parents in Bratislava. From ...
, class III *
Otta Bednářová Otta Bednářová (née Šmirousová; 18 June 1927 – 5 September 2023) was a Czech journalist, writer, screenwriter, television producer and dissident during Czechoslovakia's communist era. She was an early Charter 77 signatory in 1976 and co ...
, class III * Jaroslav Drábek, in memoriam, class III * Josef Fišera, class III *
Richard Glazar Richard Glazar (November 29, 1920 – December 20, 1997) was a Czech-Jewish inmate of the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. One of a small group of survivors of the camp's prisoner revolt in August 1943, ...
, class III * Oto Mádr, class III *
Radim Palouš Radim Palouš (6 November 1924 – 10 September 2015) was a Czech dissident, philosopher, educator, and former spokesman for Charter 77, and from 1990 to 1994, was the rector of Charles University in Prague. Life Palouš was born into a family ...
, class III * Karel Pecka, in memoriam, class III *Colonel (ret.) Luboš Hruška, class V * Dagmar Skálová, class V


1998

*
Zbigniew Brzezinski Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński (, ; March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017), known as Zbig, was a Polish-American diplomat and political scientist. He served as a counselor to Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1968 and was Jimmy Carter's National Securi ...
, PhD., class I *
Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick (née Jordan; November 19, 1926December 7, 2006) was an American diplomat and political scientist who played a major role in the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. An ardent anticommunist, she was a lon ...
, PhD., class I *
Henry A. Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (May 27, 1923 – November 29, 2023) was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 56th United States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977 and the 7th national security advisor from 1969 to 1975, se ...
, PhD., class I *
Jaroslav Kvapil Jaroslav Kvapil (25 September 1868 – 10 January 1950) was a Czech poet, theatre director, translator, playwright and librettist. Early life, education and family Jaroslav Josef Kvapil was born on 25 September 1868 in Chudenice, into the fami ...
, in memoriam, class II * Mikuláš Lobkowicz, class II *
Václav Renč Václav Renč (28 November 1911, Vodochody – 30 April 1973, Brno) was a Czech poet, dramatist and translator. Like other Catholic ruralistic writers, his themes included God, traditions and the countryside. Life Renč was born in Vodochody. ...
, in memoriam, class II * Richard Belcredi, class III *
Stanislav Drobný Stanislav and variants may refer to: People *Stanislav (given name), a Slavic given name with many spelling variations (Stanislaus, Stanislas, Stanisław, etc.) Places * Stanislav, Kherson Oblast, a coastal village in Ukraine * Stanislaus County, ...
, class III * Viktor M. Fic, class III *
Emil Filla Emil Filla (4 April 1882 – 7 October 1953) was a Czech painter. He was a leader of the avant-garde in Prague between World War I and World War II and was an early Cubist painter. Early life Filla was born in Chropyně, Moravia, and spent hi ...
, in memoriam, class III *
Antonín Huvar Antonin, Antonín, and Antoñín are masculine given names. Antonín, a Czech name in use in the Czech Republic, and Antonin, a French name in use in France, and French-speaking countries, are both considered alternate forms of Antonino. Antoñí ...
, class III * Václav Hyvnar, class III * Vlasta Chramostová, class III * Rudolf Karel, in memoriam, class III *Major General Jaroslav Kašpar-Pátý, in memoriam, class III * Jiří Kovtun, class III *
Jan Milíč Lochman Jan Milíč Lochman (sometimes written as Jan Milič Lochman or Jan Milic Lochman; 3April 192221January 2004) was a Czech-Swiss Protestant theologian. Life Lochman came from a family with reformed tradition. He graduated from high school in Nách ...
, class III *
Václav Malý Václav Malý (born 21 September 1950 in Prague) is a Czech Catholic priest and a prominent persona of the 1989 Velvet Revolution. He is a titular bishop of Marcelliana and auxiliary bishop of Prague. Early life Václav Malý studied at the Rom ...
, Auxiliary Bishop of Prague, class III * Jaroslav Opat, class III * Vilém Prečan, class III *
Vladimír Sís Vladimir (, , pre-1918 orthography: ) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin, widespread throughout all Slavic nations in different forms and spellings. The earliest record of a person with the name is Vladimir of Bulgaria (). Etymology T ...
, in memoriam, class III * Jakub S. Trojan, class III * Emanuel Viktor Voska, in memoriam, class III * Marie Dubinová, class IV * Zdena Mašínová, in memoriam, class IV * Jaroslav Mezník, class IV * Jaromír Šavrda, in memoriam, class IV *
Tomáš Špidlík Tomáš Josef Špidlík, S.J. (17 December 1919 – 16 April 2010) was a Czech Catholic prelate and theologian. Pope John Paul II made him a cardinal in 2003. He was a member of the Jesuits. Biography Špidlík was born in 1919 in Boskovic ...
, class IV (21 Oct. 2003 Cardinal) * Bedřich Utitz, class IV *
Nicholas Winton Sir Nicholas George Winton (; 19 May 1909 – 1 July 2015) was a British stockbroker and humanitarian who helped to rescue refugee children, mostly Jews, Jewish, whose families had fled persecution by Nazi Germany. Born to History of the Jews ...
, class IV


1999

* Josef Karel Matocha, archbishop of Olomouc, in memoriam, class I * Oldřich Černý, class III * Přemysl Janýr, in memoriam, class III


2000

* Rudolf Jílovský, in memoriam, class II *
Josef Lux Josef Lux (1 February 1956 in Ústí nad Orlicí – 21 November 1999 in Seattle, Washington) was a leader of the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party who entered politics after the Velvet Revolution. He became agricultur ...
, in memoriam, class II * Jiří Horák, class III *
Milan Machovec Milan Machovec (23 August 1925 – 15 January 2003) was a Czech philosopher. He lectured at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University, Charles University in Prague in 1950–1970, in the first half of the Czechoslovak communist era. Machovec is ...
, class III *
Jaroslav Musial Jaroslav (also written as Yaroslav or Jarosław in other Slavic languages) is a Czech and Slovak first name, pagan in origin. Its feminine form is Jaroslava. There are several possible origins of the name Jaroslav. It is very likely that origin ...
, class IV *
Michael Novak Michael John Novak Jr. (September 9, 1933 – February 17, 2017) was an American Catholic philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. The author of more than forty books on the philosophy and theology of culture, Novak is most widely known ...
, class III * Miloš Tomčík, class IV * Hans Dieter Zimmermann, class IV


2001

*
Robert Badinter Robert Badinter (; 30 March 1928 – 9 February 2024) was a French lawyer, politician, and author who enacted the abolition of capital punishment in France in 1981, while serving as Minister of Justice under François Mitterrand. He also serve ...
, class I *
Ryszard Siwiec Ryszard Siwiec (; 7 March 1909 – 12 September 1968) was a Polish accountant and former Home Army resistance member who was the first person to die by self-immolation in protest against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Although his ac ...
, in memoriam, class I * Vojtěch Dundr, in memoriam, class II * Václav Chytil, in memoriam, class III * Jindřich Vaško, in memoriam, class III * Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi, class IV * Petr Adamus, class IV * Karel Vrána, class IV *
František Lízna František Lízna (11 July 1941 – 4 March 2021) was a Czech Jesuit priest. Biography He was born in a Moravian town Jevíčko to Ukrainian mother and Czech father. He was a recipient of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. He died on ...
, SJ., class V


2002

*Cardinal
Miloslav Vlk Miloslav Vlk (; 17 May 1932 – 18 March 2017) was a Czech prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Prague from 1991 to 2010. He was made a cardinal in 1994. He was also the President of the Council of European Bishops' ...
, Archbishop of Prague and Metropolitan Bishop of Bohemia, class II *
Luboš Dobrovský Luboš Dobrovský (born Luboš Hamerschlag, 3 February 1932 – 30 January 2020) was a Czech journalist and politician, who served as Czechoslovak Minister of Defence. Biography Dobrovsky's father Ludvík Hamerschlag was Jewish. Deported to Ausch ...
, class III * Richard Feder, in memoriam, class III *
Zdeněk Kessler Zdeněk is a Czech male given name derived from the Latin name Sidonius. contested the relation with the Latin name, and an alternative etymology is a diminutive of Zdeslav.Jan Svoboda, Staročeská osobní jména se základem sd , sdě-, :Onom ...
, class III * Jacques Rupnik, class III *
Karel Schwarzenberg Karel Schwarzenberg (, 10 December 1937 – 12 November 2023) was a Czech politician, diplomat and statesman who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic), Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic from 2007 to 2009 and ...
, class III * Karol Sidon, Rabbi of Prague and Chief Rabbi of the Czech Republic, class III * Pavel Smetana, Moderator of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, class III *
Dagmar Burešová Dagmar Burešová (19 October 192930 June 2018) was a Czech lawyer and politician. She specialised in labour law. She was known for her defence of Libuše Palachová, the mother of Jan Palach, a young man that self immolated to protest the Sov ...
, class IV * Ladislav Lis, in memoriam, class IV


2003

*
Václav Havel Václav Havel (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright, and dissident. Havel served as the last List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992, prior to the dissol ...
, class I (conferred by the parliament) *
Mary Robinson Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (; ; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the president of Ireland from December 1990 to September 1997. She was the country's first female president. Robinson had previously served as a senato ...
, class I *
Willy Spühler Willy Spühler (31 January 1902, in Zurich – 31 May 1990) was a Swiss politician. He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 17 December 1959, representing the Canton of Zürich, and handed over office on 31 January 1970. He was affiliated ...
, in memoriam, class I * Elena Bonner, class II *
Sergei Kovalev Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; ; 2 March 1930 – 9 August 2021) was a Russian human rights activist and politician. During the Soviet period he was a dissident and, after 1975, a political prisoner. Early career and ...
, class II *
Luisa Abrahams Luisa (Italian and Spanish), Luísa ( Portuguese), or Louise (French) is a feminine given name; it is the feminine form of the given name Louis (Luis), the French form of the Frankish Chlodowig (German Ludwig), from the Germanic elements ''hl ...
, class III *
Miroslav Kusý Miroslav Kusý (1 December 1931 – 13 February 2019) was a Slovak political scientist and politician. Described as a "dissident" of Czechoslovakia's communist regime, he was given an eight-month suspended sentence in November 1989 for an anti-g ...
, class III * Emil Ludvík, class III * Lubomír Voleník, in memoriam, class III *
Adam Michnik Adam Michnik (; born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989), dissident, Intellectual#Public intellectual, public intellectual, as well as co-founder and editor-in-chief of the P ...
, class III * Antonín Sum, class III * Jaroslav Škarvada, class III *
Antje Vollmer Antje Vollmer (; 31 May 194315 March 2023) was a German Protestant theologian, academic teacher and politician of the Alliance 90/The Greens. She became a member of the Bundestag in 1983 when the Greens first entered the West German parliament, ...
, class III


2004

*Colonel (ret.) Arnošt Kubík, class III *Lieutenant General (ret.) Tomáš Sedláček, class III *Colonel (ret.) Otokar Vinklář, class III * Josef Zlámal, O. Melit. Prior, class III


2005

*Brigadier General (ret.) Josef Hercz, class I *Major General (ret.) Stanislav Hlučka, class I * Martin František Vích, class III


2006

*
Naděžda Kavalírová Naděžda Kavalírová (13 November 1923 – 20 January 2017) was a Czech paramedic, human rights activist and political prisoner. She became actively involved in the resistance to Czechoslovakia's Communist government. She later headed the Confe ...
, class I *Brigadier General (ret.)
Miroslav Štandera Miroslav Štandera (5 October 1918 – 19 February 2014) was a Czech fighter pilot who flew combat missions for the French Air Force and the Royal Air Force during World War II. Štandera was one of the final two surviving Czech combat pilots who f ...
, class I * Matylda Čiháková, class II *Captain Václav Kojzar, in memoriam, class II *
Michael Josef Pojezdný Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * he He ..., a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name * Michael (bishop elect)">Michael (surname)">he He ..., a given nam ...
, class II * Karel Skalický, class IV


2007

*
Vladimír Bystrov Vladimír Bystrov (7 August 1935 – 1 June 2010) was a Czech journalist, film critic, commentator and translator. Early life Bystrov was the son of Nikolay Vladimirovich Bystrov, who fled Russia in 1920, settled in Prague, but then was taken ba ...
, class II * Jiří Formánek, class II * František Zahrádka, class III


2008

* Jakub Blacký, class II * Bohuslav Bubník, class II *
Jan Graubner Jan Graubner (born 29 August 1948) is a Czech prelate of the Catholic Church who has been Archbishop of Prague since July 2022. He was Archbishop of Olomouc in the Czech Republic from 1992 to 2022, after serving as an auxiliary there for two yea ...
, class II * Josef Lesák, class II * Jaroslav Grosman, class III * František Wiendl, class III


2009

* Anděla Dvořáková, class *
Josefina Napravilová Josefina Napravilová (21 January 1914 – 19 February 2014) was a Czech humanitarian. She worked with child refugees after the Second World War. She was awarded the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in 2009. Biography Napravilová was born in Pl ...
, class III * František Šedivý, class II * Josef Veselý, class III *
Pavel Žák Pavel (Bulgarian language, Bulgarian, Russian language, Russian, Serbian language, Serbian: Павел; Czech language, Czech, Slovene language, Slovene, and (although Romanian also uses Paul); ; ; ) is a male given name. It is a Slavic cogna ...
, class IV


2014

*
Hana Hegerová Hana Hegerová (20 October 1931 – 23 March 2021) was a Slovak singer and actress. Often referred to as the Queen of Czechoslovak chanson, she gained popularity primarily as a singer of chansons. Outside of Czechoslovakia, Hegerová attained r ...
, class I *
Miroslav Zikmund Miroslav Zikmund (14 February 1919 – 1 December 2021) was a Czech travel writer and explorer. Biography After earning his ''Matura'' in 1938, Zikmund entered university, but was unable to graduate until 1946 due to World War II. He studied al ...
, class I


2024

*
Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
, class I


References


External links


Orders and DecorationsTomas Garrigue Masaryk Order on the site of the Prague Castle
{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of Tomas Garrigue Masaryk Civil awards and decorations of Czechoslovakia Tomas Garrigue Masaryk Awards established in 1990 1990 establishments in Czechoslovakia