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''Asturias'' (''Leyenda''), named simply ''Prelude'' by its composer, is a musical work by the Spanish composer and pianist
Isaac Albéniz Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual (; 29 May 1860 – 18 May 1909) was a Spanish virtuoso pianist, composer, and conductor. He is one of the foremost composers of the post-romantic era who also had a significant influence on his con ...
(1860–1909). The piece, which lasts around six minutes in performance, was originally written for the
piano A piano is a keyboard instrument that produces sound when its keys are depressed, activating an Action (music), action mechanism where hammers strike String (music), strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a c ...
and set in the key of
G minor G minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative major is B-flat major and its parallel major is G major. The G natural minor scale is: Changes n ...
. It was first published in
Barcelona Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...
, by Juan Bta. Pujol & Co., in 1892 as the prelude of a three- movement set entitled ''
Chants d'Espagne ''Chants d'Espagne'', Op. 232, (, English: Songs of Spain) is a suite of originally three, later five pieces for the piano by Isaac Albéniz. ''Prélude'' (later known as Asturias (Leyenda)), ''Orientale'' and ''Sous le palmier'' were published i ...
''. The name ''Asturias (Leyenda)'' was given to it posthumously by the German publisher Hofmeister, who included it in the 1911 "complete version" of the '' Suite española'', although Albéniz never intended the piece for this suite. Despite the new name, this music is not considered suggestive of the folk music of the northern Spanish region of
Asturias Asturias (; ; ) officially the Principality of Asturias, is an autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in northwest Spain. It is coextensive with the provinces of Spain, province of Asturias and contains some of the territory t ...
, but rather of
Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...
n
flamenco Flamenco () is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the Gitanos, gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, and also having historical presence in Extremadura and Region of Murcia, ...
traditionsEverything You Ever Wanted To Know About... ALBÉNIZ'S LEYENDA (Preludio-Asturias), http://stanleyyates.com/articles/albeniz/leyenda.html (although the drama of the music is congruent with the landscape of the region of Asturias). The origin of the presumably misattributed name was that in fact Albéniz did compose a piano work actually called (by himself) 'Asturias', which made part of a set of pieces of folk music from all over Spain for the then Queen of Spain, but this piece is lost, and maybe its name was passed on the now so called one. ''Leyenda'', Hofmeister's subtitle, means ''legend''. The piece is noted for the delicate, intricate melody of its middle section and abrupt dynamic changes. Albéniz's biographer, Walter Aaron Clark, describes the piece as "pure Andalusian flamenco". In the main theme the piano mimics the guitar technique of alternating the thumb and fingers of the right hand, playing a pedal-note open string with the index finger and a melody with the thumb. The theme itself suggests the rhythm of the bulería—a fast flamenco form. The "marcato"/"staccato" markings suggest both guitar sounds and the footwork of a flamenco dancer. The piece sounds as though it is written in the
Phrygian mode : The Phrygian mode (pronounced ) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek ''tonos'' or ''harmonia,'' sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set of octave species or scales; the medieval Phrygian mode, and the m ...
which is typical of bulerías. The second section is reminiscent of a copla—a sung verse following a specific form. Clark states that it is written in typical Albéniz form as it is "presented monophonically but doubled at the fifteenth for more fullness of sound." The music alters between a solo and accompaniment that is typical of flamenco. The short middle section of the piece is written in the style of a malagueña—another flamenco style piece. The malagueña borrows two motives from the previous copla and builds on them. The piece returns to its first theme until a slow "hymn-like" passage ends the piece.


Guitar versions

Though originally written to imitate guitar playing, the piece cannot be transcribed note for note for guitar. The original version makes uses of the piano keyboard's wider range compared to the
tessitura In music, tessitura ( , , ; ; ) is the most acceptable and comfortable vocal range for a given singer (or, less frequently, musical instrument). It is the range in which a given type of voice presents its best-sounding (or characteristic) tim ...
of the guitar, and the key of G minor is not suitable for the guitar—for example, in the
standard guitar tuning Guitar tunings are the assignment of pitches to the open strings of guitars, including classical guitars, acoustic guitars, and electric guitars. Tunings are described by the particular pitches that are made by notes in Western music. By c ...
, the pedal note D4 is not an open string. Many have attributed the first transcription for guitar to
Francisco Tárrega Francisco de Asís Tárrega y Eixea (21 November 185215 December 1909) was a Spanish composer and classical guitarist of the late Romantic period. He is known for such pieces as '' Capricho Árabe'' and '' Recuerdos de la Alhambra''. Biography ...
who put it in its most recognizable key, E minor. According to the guitarist and guitar scholar
Stanley Yates Stanley Yates (born 25 October 1958) is an English-born classical guitarist and a prolific editor of 19th- and 20th-century music for the guitar.Maurice J. Summerfield: ''The Classical Guitar. Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800'', ...
, the first guitar transcription of the piece was probably by Severino García Fortea, although
Andrés Segovia Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a Spanish virtuoso classical guitarist. Many professional classical guitarists were either students of Segovia or students of Segovia's students. Segovia ...
's transcription is the most famous and most influential. The piece has become one of the most important works of the classical guitar repertoire.


Influences

Robbie Krieger Robert Alan Krieger (born January 8, 1946) is an American guitarist and founding member of the rock band the Doors. Krieger wrote or co-wrote many of the Doors' songs, including the hits " Light My Fire", " Love Me Two Times", " Touch Me", and " ...
, guitarist of
The Doors The Doors were an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1965, comprising vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore. They were among the most influential and controversial rock acts ...
, uses a reworking of the melody from this classical piece in song "Spanish Caravan" from their 1968 album ''
Waiting for the Sun ''Waiting for the Sun'' is the third studio album by the American rock band the Doors, released by Elektra Records on July 3, 1968. The album's 11 tracks were recorded between late 1967 and May 1968 mostly at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. It becam ...
''.
Iron Maiden Iron Maiden are an English Heavy metal music, heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris. Although fluid in the early years of the band, the line-up for most ...
quoted ''Asturias'' in their songs "Mother Russia" and "To Tame A Land".
Children of Bodom Children of Bodom was a Finnish melodic death metal band from Espoo. Formed in 1993 as Inearthed, the final line-up of the group upon their split in 2019 consisted of frontman Alexi Laiho, drummer Jaska Raatikainen, bassist Henkka Seppälä, ...
attributed their "Angels Don't Kill" song to ''Asturias''. Italian violist
Marco Misciagna Marco Misciagna (; born 5 February 1984) is an Italian violinist and violist internationally renowned for his performances and contributions to classical music. Biography Musical education Marco Misciagna was born in Bari, Italy. He graduated ...
arranged this piece for solo viola.
Rammstein Rammstein (, "ramming stone") is a German band formed in Berlin in 1994. The band's lineup—consisting of lead vocalist Till Lindemann, lead guitarist Richard Kruspe, rhythm guitarist Paul Landers, bassist Oliver Riedel, drummer Christoph ...
's song "
Deutschland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of over 84 m ...
" was inspired by the song. Anne Clark's "Our Darkness" was inspired by ''Asturias''.
Elley Duhé Elley Frances Duhé (born February 14, 1992) is an American singer. Biography Elley Frances Duhé, known commonly as Elley Duhé, is an American singer born in Mobile, Alabama. After her father got Elley her first guitar when she was 14, she be ...
's song "
Middle of the Night Middle of the Night may refer to: * Middle of the Night (novel), ''Middle of the Night'' (novel), a 2024 novel by Riley Sager * ''Middle of the Night'', a 1954 play by Paddy Chayefsky * Middle of the Night (film), ''Middle of the Night'' (film), a ...
" is based on ''Asturias''.


References


External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20160325024430/https://www.stanleyyates.com/articles/albeniz/leyenda.html {{Authority control Spanish compositions for solo piano Compositions for guitar Compositions by Isaac Albéniz 1892 compositions 1890s in Spanish music Articles containing video clips