() is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating

opera Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...

tic and popular songs, as well as dance. The etymology of the name is uncertain, but some propose it may derive from the name of a royal hunting lodge, the Palace of Zarzuela, near Madrid, where that type of entertainment was allegedly first presented to the court. The palace in turn was named after the brambles () that grew there. There are two main forms of ''zarzuela'':

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

''zarzuela'' (), the earliest style, and Romantic ''zarzuela'' (). Romantic zarzuelas can be further divided into two main subgenres, ''género grande'' and '' género chico'', although other sub-divisions exist. ''Zarzuela'' spread to the Spanish dominions, and many Spanish-speaking countries – notably

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

– developed their own traditions. ''Zarzuela'' is also a strong tradition in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

, where it is also referred to in certain languages as . Other regional and linguistic variants in Spain include the

Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...

' and the Catalan . A

masque The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A mas ...

-like musical theatre had existed in Spain since the time of Juan del Encina. The ''zarzuela'' genre was innovative in giving a dramatic function to the musical numbers, which were integrated into the plot of the work. Dances and choruses were incorporated as well as solo and ensemble numbers, all to orchestral accompaniment.

Baroque ''zarzuela''

In 1657 at the Royal Palace of '' El Prado'', King

Philip IV of Spain Philip IV (, ; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the ...

, Queen Mariana and their court attended the first performance of a new comedy by

Pedro Calderón de la Barca Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño (17 January 160025 May 1681) (, ; ) was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and writer. He is known as one of the most distinguished Spanish Baroque literature, poets and ...

, with music by Juan Hidalgo de Polanco titled ''El Laurel de Apolo'' (The Laurels of Apollo). ''El Laurel de Apolo'' traditionally symbolises the birth of a new musical genre that had become known as ''La Zarzuela''. Like Calderón de la Barca's earlier ''El golfo de las sirenas'' (''The Sirens' Gulf'', 1657), ''El Laurel de Apolo'' mixed mythological verse drama with operatic solos, popular songs and dances. The characters in these early,

baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

''zarzuelas'' were a mixture of gods, mythological creatures and rustic or pastoral comedy characters; Antonio de Literes's popular '' Acis y Galatea'' (1708) is yet another example. Unlike some other operatic forms, there were spoken interludes, often in verse.

Italian influence

In 18th-century Bourbon Spain, Italian artistic style dominated in the arts, including

Italian opera Italian opera is both the art of opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Opera was in Italy around the year 1600 and Italian opera has continued to play a dominant role in the history of the form until the present day. Many famous ope ...

. ''Zarzuela'', though still written to Spanish texts, changed to accommodate the Italian vogue. During the reign of King

Charles III Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. Charles was born at Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and ...

, political problems provoked a series of revolts against his Italian ministers; these were echoed in theatrical presentations. The older style ''zarzuela'' fell out of fashion, but popular Spanish tradition continued to manifest itself in shorter works, such as the single-scene '' tonadilla'' (or '' intermezzo'') of which the finest literary exponent was Ramón de la Cruz. Musicians such as Antonio Rodríguez de Hita were proficient in the shorter style of works, though he also wrote a full-scale ''zarzuela'' with de la Cruz entitled ''Las segadoras de Vallecas'' (''The Reapers of Vallecas'', 1768). José Castel was one of several composers to write for the Teatro del Príncipe.

19th century

In the 1850s and 1860s a group of patriotic writers and composers led by Francisco Barbieri and Joaquín Gaztambide revived the ''zarzuela'' form, seeing in it a possible release from French and Italian music hegemony. The elements of the work continue to be the same: sung solos and choruses, spiced with spoken scenes, and comedic songs, ensembles and dances.

Costume drama Costume is the distinctive style of clothing, dress and/or cosmetics, makeup of an individual or group that reflects class, gender, occupation, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch—in short, culture. The term also was traditionally used ...

s and regional variations abound, and the

libretto A libretto (From the Italian word , ) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or Musical theatre, musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to th ...

s (though often based on French originals) are rich in Spanish idioms and popular jargon. The ''zarzuelas'' of the day included in their librettos various regionalisms and popular slang, such as that of Madrid '' castizos''. Often, the success of a work was due to one or more songs that the public came to know and love. Despite some modifications the basic structure of the ''zarzuela'' remained the same: dialogue scenes, songs, choruses, and comic scenes generally performed by two actor-singers. The culminating masterpieces from this period were Barbieri's ''Pan y toros'' and Gaztambide's '' El juramento''. Another notable composer from this period was Emilio Arrieta.

Romantic ''zarzuela''

After the

Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, was the deposition of James II and VII, James II and VII in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II, Mary II and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange ...

of 1868, the country entered a deep crisis (especially economically), which was reflected in theatre. The public could not afford high-priced theatre tickets for grandiose productions, which led to the rise of the Teatros Variedades ("variety theatres") in Madrid, with cheap tickets for one-act plays ( sainetes). This "theatre of an hour" had great success and ''zarzuela'' composers took to the new formula with alacrity. Single-act ''zarzuelas'' were classified as '' género chico'' ("little genre") whilst the longer ''zarzuelas'' of three acts, lasting up to four hours, were called ''género grande'' ("grand genre"). ''Zarzuela grande'' battled on at the Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, founded by Barbieri and his friends in the 1850s. A newer theatre, the Apolo, opened in 1873. At first it attempted to present the ''género grande'', but it soon yielded to the taste and economics of the time, and became the "temple" of the more populist ''género chico'' in the late 1870s. Musical content from this era ranges from full-scale operatic arias (''romanzas'') through to popular songs, and dialogue from high poetic drama to lowlife

comedy Comedy is a genre of dramatic works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. Origins Comedy originated in ancient Greec ...

characters. There are also many types of ''zarzuela'' in between the two named genres, with a variety of musical and dramatic flavours. Many of the greatest ''zarzuelas'' were written in the 1880s and 1890s. 's zarzuela '' La Gran Vía'' (1886) is considered a masterpiece of the género chico genre of Spanish plays. The form continued to adapt to new theatrical stimuli until well into the 20th century. With the onset of the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...

, the form rapidly declined, and the last romantic ''zarzuelas'' to hold the stage were written in the 1950s. Whilst Barbieri produced the influential ''zarzuela grande'' '' El barberillo de Lavapiés'', the classic exponent of the '' género chico'' was his pupil Federico Chueca, whose ''La gran vía'' (composed with Joaquín Valverde Durán) was a cult success both in Spain and throughout Europe. The musical heir of Chueca was José Serrano, whose short, one act '' género chico'' ''zarzuelas'' - notably ''La canción del olvido'', ''Alma de dios'' and the much later ''Los claveles'' and ''La dolorosa'' - form a stylistic bridge to the more musically sophisticated ''zarzuelas'' of the 20th century. Just as romantic ''zarzuela'' featured popular customs, festivals, and manners of speech, especially those of the poor areas of Madrid, many feature strong social criticism and reflect political polemics of the day.

20th century

From about 1900, the term ("degraded" or "low genre") was coined to describe an emerging form of entertainment allied to the (

revue A revue is a type of multi-act popular theatre, theatrical entertainment that combines music, dance, and sketch comedy, sketches. The revue has its roots in 19th century popular entertainment and melodrama but grew into a substantial cultural pre ...

) type of musical comedy: these were musical works similar to the zarzuela but lighter and bolder in their social criticism, with scenes portraying sexual themes and many verbal double entendres. One popular work from the ''género ínfimo'' years is ''La corte de Faraón'' (1910), by Vicente Lleó, which was based on the French operetta ''Madame Putiphar''. In the second decade of the century, the influences of Viennese

operetta Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera. It includes spoken dialogue, songs and including dances. It is lighter than opera in terms of its music, orchestral size, and length of the work. Apart from its shorter length, the oper ...

and the English followers of Sullivan such as Lionel Monckton made themselves felt, in works such as ''Molinos de viento'' and ''El asombro de Damasco'' (both by

Pablo Luna Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer.Vincent J. Cincotta Zarzuela, the Spanish lyric theatre: a complete reference 2003 "Along with Amadeo Vives, Jose Serrano, Francisco Alonso and ...

), before the Spanish tradition of great acts was reasserted in Amadeu Vives's '' Doña Francisquita'' (1923). The zarzuela continued to flourish in the 1930s, thanks to composers of the stature of Pablo Sorozábal – who reinvigorated it as a vehicle for socio-political comment – Federico Moreno Torroba, and Francisco Alonso. However, the

brought a decline of the genre, and after the Second World War, its extinction as a live genre was almost total. There were no new authors and the compositions are not renovated. There have been no significant new works created since the 1950s; the existing zarzuela repertoire is costly to produce, and many classics have been performed only sporadically in recent years, at least professionally. The genre has again found favour in Spain and elsewhere: younger people, in particular, have been drawn to its lyrical music and theatrical spectacle in the 1940s and 1950s. Spanish radio and television have dedicated time to zarzuela in 1978, not least in a popular series of programs produced by TVE and entitled ''Antología de la zarzuela'' ("Zarzuela Anthology"). These were based on

lip sync Lip sync or lip synch (pronounced , like the word ''sink'', despite the Hard and soft C, spelling of the participial forms ''synced'' and ''syncing''), short for lip synchronization, is a technical term for matching a Speech, speaking or singin ...

s of the classic recordings of the 1940s and 1950s. Some years earlier,

impresario An impresario (from Italian ''impresa'', 'an enterprise or undertaking') is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, Play (theatre), plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film producer, film or ...

José Tamayo worked a theatrical show of the same name which popularized pieces of zarzuela through several national and international tours.

''Zarzuela'' in Catalonia

While the ''zarzuela'' tradition flourished in

Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...

and other Spanish cities,

Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory (except the Val d'Aran) is situate ...

developed its own ''zarzuela'', with librettos in Catalan. The atmosphere, the plots, and the music were quite different from the model that triumphed in Madrid, as the Catalan ''zarzuela'' was looking to attract a different public, the bourgeois classes. Catalan ''zarzuela'' was turned little by little into what is called, in Catalan, ''teatre líric català'' ("Catalan lyric theater"), with a personality of its own, and with '' modernista'' lyricists and composers such as Enric Granados or Enric Morera. In the final years of the 19th century, as '' modernisme'' emerged, one of the notable ''modernistas'', and one of Felip Pedrell's pupils, Amadeu Vives came onto the Barcelona scene. He contributed to the creation of the Orfeó Català in 1891, along with Lluís Millet. In spite of a success sustained over many years, his musical ambition took him to Madrid, where ''zarzuela'' had a higher profile. Vives became one of the most important ''zarzuela'' composers, with such masterpieces as ''Doña Francisquita''.

''Zarzuela'' in Cuba and Mexico

In Cuba the afrocubanismo ''zarzuelas'' of Ernesto Lecuona (''María la O''; ''El cafetal''), Eliseo Grenet (''La virgen morena'') and Gonzalo Roig ('' Cecilia Valdés'', based on Cirilo Villaverde's classic novel) represent a brief golden age of political and cultural importance. These and other works centred on the plight of the mulata woman and other black underclasses in Cuban society. The outstanding star of many of these productions was Rita Montaner. Mexico likewise had its own ''zarzuela'' traditions. One example is Carlo Curti's ''La cuarta plana'', starring Esperanza Iris.

''Zarzuela'' in the Philippines

In the

, the ''Zarzuela Musical Theatre'' has been widely adapted by Filipinos in their native cultures, notably in urban areas. The theatre was only introduced by the Spanish in 1878, despite being part of the

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy (political entity), Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered ...

since the middle of the 16th century. During this time, the plays were performed only by Spanish people. By 1880, majority of the performers and writers were Filipinos, notably Philippine national hero,

José Rizal José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (, ; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is popularly considered a na ...

, who was fond of the play. Afterwards, local languages, instead of Spanish, were used to perform the complex theatre, with additions from multiple cultures throughout the archipelago. When the Philippines was colonized by the Americans in the early 20th century, the humor from the ''moro-moro play'' was added into the Philippine zarzuela, while moving away from the traditional Spanish zarzuela. The theatre afterwards was used by Filipinos to express freedom from discrimination and colonial rule, depicting the Filipino people triumphant against the Spanish and Americans by the end of each play. The revolutionary overtones of the play prompted the American colonialists to arrest various performers and writers of the Philippine zarzuela, to the extent of forcefully shutting down entire zarzuela companies in the Philippines. In the 1920s, due to the introduction of the cinema, the zarzuela became widely popular in the rural areas, disabling the Americans from stopping the plays from spreading. The Philippine zarzuela evolved into a kind of comedy of manners distinct to the Filipino taste. In 2011, the performing art was cited by the

National Commission for Culture and the Arts The National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines (NCCA; , ) is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines. It is the overall policy making body, coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, d ...

as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the performing arts category that the government may nominate in the

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.Compare: This list is published by the Intergove ...

. In 2012, through a partnership with UNESCO, the Philippine government established the documents needed for the safeguarding of the Philippine zarzuela. UNESCO has cited the Philippine zarzuela as the national theatre and opera of the Philippines.

Recorded ''zarzuela''

From 1950 onwards, ''zarzuela'' prospered in a series of LP recordings from EMI,

Hispavox Hispavox S.A. was a major Spain, Spanish record label, record company founded on June 27, 1953, that ran independently until 1985 when it was acquired by EMI. Their studios were located in Madrid, and were known among fans as Sonido Torrelaguna. ...

and others, with worldwide distribution. A series produced by the Alhambra company of Madrid, the majority conducted by the leading Spanish conductor Ataulfo Argenta had particular success. Many featured singers soon to become world-famous, such as Teresa Berganza,

Alfredo Kraus Alfredo Kraus Trujillo (; 24 November 192710 September 1999) was a distinguished Spanish tenor from the Canary Islands (known professionally as Alfredo Kraus), particularly known for the artistry he brought to opera's bel canto roles. He was ...

and Pilar Lorengar; and later,

Montserrat Caballé María de Montserrat Bibiana Concepción Caballé i Folch or Folc (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018), also known as Montserrat Caballé (i Folch), was a Spanish operatic soprano from Catalonia. Widely considered to be one of the best sopranos ...

and

Plácido Domingo José Plácido Domingo Embil (born 21 January 1941) is a Spanish opera singer, conductor, and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, ...

. Less known performers such as Ana María Iriarte, Inés Ribadeneira, Toñy Rosado, Carlos Munguía, Renato Cesari, and others frequently lent their voices to the recordings. The choirs of Orfeón Donostiarra and Singers' Choir of Madrid also contributed, rounding out the overall quality of the works. After Argenta's death others such as Indalecio Cisneros and

Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (born Rafael Frühbeck; 15 September 1933 – 11 June 2014) was a Spanish conductor and composer. Frühbeck was born in Burgos, Spain to a family of German ancestry. He first took up conducting while on military serv ...

continued in his footsteps. There were also recordings made conducted by the composers themselves, such as Pablo Sorozábal and Federico Moreno Torroba. Many well-known singers, including Victoria de los Ángeles, Montserrat Caballé, Juan Diego Flórez, and Lisette Oropesa have recorded albums of zarzuela songs and arias. Many zarzuela productions are now to be seen on

DVD The DVD (common abbreviation for digital video disc or digital versatile disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan. The medium can store any ki ...

and

Blu-ray Blu-ray (Blu-ray Disc or BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format designed to supersede the DVD format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released worldwide on June 20, 2006, capable of storing several hours of high-defin ...

disc. In March 2009, EuroArts released ''Amor, Vida de Mi Vida'', a recording on Blu-ray disc of an August 2007 zarzuela concert by Plácido Domingo and Ana María Martínez, with the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg conducted by Jesús López-Cobos. In April 2009, BBC/Opus Arte released a Blu-ray disc of a July 2006 performance of Federico Moreno Torroba's ''Luisa Fernanda'' with Plácido Domingo and Nancy Herrera, recorded at the Teatro Real de Madrid with Jesús López-Cobos conducting. In the United States, the Jarvis Conservatory of Napa, California, between 1996 and 2005, mounted several full zarzuela productions, subsequently issued on DVD and online. The series includes '' La dolorosa''; ''La Gran Via''; '' Luisa Fernanda''; '' La verbena de la Paloma''; ''La Rosa del Azafrán''; '' La revoltosa''; ''Agua, Azucarillos y Aguardiente''; '' Doña Francisquita''; ''Gigantes y Cabezudos''; ''La alegría de la huerta''; ''La chulapona''; ''Luis Alonso'' (Giménez, 1896); and '' El barberillo de Lavapiés''.

''Zarzuela'' composers

Spanish zarzuelas selection (including zarzuela-style operas)

* ''Adiós a la bohemia'' (1933) Pablo Sorozábal * ''Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente'' (1898) Federico Chueca * ''La alegría de la huerta'' (1900) Federico Chueca * ''Alma de Dios'' (1907) José Serrano * ''El año pasado por agua'' (1889 ) Federico Chueca * ''El asombro de Damasco'' (1916) Pablo Sorozábal * '' El barberillo de Lavapiés'' (1874) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri * ''El bateo'' (1901) Federico Chueca * ''Black, el payaso'' (1942) Pablo Sorozábal * ''La boda de Luis Alonso'' (1896) Gerónimo Giménez * ''Bohemios'' (1904) Vives * ''La bruja'' (1889)

Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a loc ...

* ''Los burladores'' (1948) Pablo Sorozábal * ''La calesera'' (1925) Francisco Alonso * ''La canción del olvido'' (1928) José Serrano * ''El caserío'' (1926) Jesús Guridi * ''El chaleco blanco'' (1890) Federico Chueca * ''La chulapona'' (1934) Federico Moreno Torroba * ''Los claveles'' (1929) José Serrano * '' Clementina'' (1787) Luigi Boccherini * ''La corte de Faraón'' (1910) Vicente Lleó * '' Los diamantes de la corona'' (1854) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri * ''La Dogaresa'' (1916) Rafael Millán * '' La dolorosa'' (1930) José Serrano * ''Don Gil de Alcalá'' (1932) Manuel Penella * ''Don Manolito'' (1943) Pablo Sorozábal * '' Doña Francisquita'' (1923) Amadeo Vives * ''El dúo de La africana'', (1893) Manuel Fernández Caballero * ''La fiesta de San Antón'' (1898) Tomás Torregrosa * ''La fontana del placer'' José Castel * ''Los gavilanes'' (1923) Jacinto Guerrero * ''La generala'' (1912) Amadeo Vives * '' Gigantes y cabezudos'' (1898) Manuel Fernández Caballero * ''Las golondrinas'' (1914) José María Usandizaga * '' La Gran Vía'' (1886) Federico Chueca * ''El huésped del Sevillano'' (1926) Jacinto Guerrero * '' Jugar con fuego'' (1855) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri * '' El juramento'' (1854) Joaquín Gaztambide * ''Katiuska'' (1931) Pablo Sorozábal * ''Las Leandras'' (1931) Francisco Alonso * '' Luisa Fernanda'' (1932) Federico Moreno Torroba * ''La del manojo de rosas'' (1934) Pablo Sorozábal * ''Marina'' (1855/71) Emilio Arrieta * ''Maruxa'' (1914) Amadeo Vives * ''La leyenda del beso'' (1924) Reveriano Soutullo and Juan Vert * ''Me llaman la Presumida'' (1935) Francisco Alonso * ''Molinos de viento'' (1910)

* ''La montería'' (1923) Jacinto Guerrero * ''El niño judío'' (1918)

* ''Pan y toros'' (1864) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri * ''La parranda '' (1928) Francisco Alonso * ''La patria chica'' (1909)

* ''La pícara molinera'' (1928)

* '' La revoltosa'' (1897)

* ''El rey que rabió'' (1890)

* ''La rosa del azafrán'' (1930) Jacinto Guerrero * ''El santo de la Isidra'' (1898) Tomás Torregrosa * ''El señor Joaquín'' (1900) Manuel Fernández Caballero * ''Los sobrinos del capitán Grant'' (1877) Manuel Fernández Caballero * ''La del Soto del Parral'' (1927) Reveriano Soutullo and Juan Vert * ''La tabernera del puerto'' (1936) Pablo Sorozábal * ''La tempestad'' (1882)

* ''La tempranica'' (1900) Gerónimo Giménez * '' La verbena de la Paloma'' (1894) Tomás Bretón * ''La viejecita'' (1897) Manuel Fernández Caballero * ''La villana'' (1927) Amadeo Vives

References

External links

Zarzuela.net
edited by Christopher Webber and Ignacio Jassa Haro
Zarzuela Discography
at operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
Zarzueleros.com

The Fernández-Shaw saga and the lyrical theatre
{{Authority control Culture of Spain Culture of the Philippines Music of Spain Opera genres Opera terminology