Xôi Ngũ Sắc
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Xôi () is a traditional dish of Vietnamese people.


History

The development process of the customs using xôi so far is still in the debate. However, although the
civilization A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English) is any complex society characterized by the development of state (polity), the state, social stratification, urban area, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyon ...
of
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
and
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
is often thought to be the foundation of modern
East East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...
and
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
n
culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
, sticky rice and customs revolves around it are almost not appearing in two
civilization A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English) is any complex society characterized by the development of state (polity), the state, social stratification, urban area, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyon ...
s. Especially,
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
has shown the rich development of sticky rice growing model. Besides, each
country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, state with limited recognition, constituent country, ...
or ethnic group has unique ways of processing, which is directly related to sticky rice. According to the survey of Vietnamese scholars, the customs related to sticky rice have followed the Tai tribes from
Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
to the Northwestern region of
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
from the beginning of the Christian era. In fact, so far, this region is still the largest sticky rice growing in
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. Part of the reason is because this
rice Rice is a cereal grain and in its Domestication, domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much l ...
variety is only suitable for high terrain with low
water Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known liv ...
. Therefore, it was known as "the sticky rice zone" (vùng thâm canh lúa nếp). Because of those, sticky rice has become a specific crop in Southeast Asian culture. Over the centuries, xôi – its finished product – has made very rich and diverse developments, which cannot be found in other
region In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and ...
s.


Etymology

Since ancient times, there has not been yet any research that can explain the word "xôi" in
Vietnamese language Vietnamese () is an Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language Speech, spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the official language. It belongs to the Vietic languages, Vietic subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family. Vietnamese is s ...
or at least can find a form of inter-text. However, according to the survey of researcher Trần Quang Đức, this term appears in the
brain The brain is an organ (biology), organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head (cephalization), usually near organs for ...
as a manifestation of a dish made from "''gạo nếp''" ( sticky rice) and is almost the only ingredient. Therefore, in
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
ese dictionaries, this word is classified as single ones, meaning it can be only a
noun In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an Object (grammar), object or Subject (grammar), subject within a p ...
, not any other form. In some reviews of
Vietnamese cuisine Vietnamese cuisine encompasses the foods and beverages originated from Vietnam. Meals feature a combination of five fundamental tastes (): sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and Piquant, spicy. The distinctive nature of each dish reflects one or more ...
since the 1990s, this dish has been translated as "''sticky rice''". However, this translation is thought to be not yet close to the
reality Reality is the sum or aggregate of everything in existence; everything that is not imagination, imaginary. Different Culture, cultures and Academic discipline, academic disciplines conceptualize it in various ways. Philosophical questions abo ...
of things. Besides, xôi has a more ancient call and is now only used in rural areas, which is "cơm nếp" (Kinh) or "ꪹꪄ꫁ꪱ / khăw-nueng" (Tai), meaning "the meal of sticky rice".


Production

According to
curriculum In education, a curriculum (; : curriculums or curricula ) is the totality of student experiences that occur in an educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experi ...
''The Foundation of Vietnamese Culture'' (Cơ sở văn hóa Việt Nam, 1995) by Trần Ngọc Thêm, Vietnamese ancestors probably have a long process of using sticky rice (gạo nếp) as a basic daily
food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for Nutrient, nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or Fungus, fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein (nutrient), proteins, vitamins, ...
. However, it was inherently difficult to grow and often produces unstable yields, so over time, it has been replaced by wet rice (gạo tẻ). Wet rice has gradually become the main food daily because of the advantages such as: Good drought tolerance, a year can harvest at least two seasons ( spring and autumn), moderate nutritional content... In addition, the price of sticky rice is always double the price of wet rice in the agricultural market. This type of
rice Rice is a cereal grain and in its Domestication, domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much l ...
is often called as "gem rice" (gạo ngọc) or even "heavenly rice" (gạo giời) in Vietnamese folklore. This mainly comes from its round, white and glossy
shape A shape is a graphics, graphical representation of an object's form or its external boundary, outline, or external Surface (mathematics), surface. It is distinct from other object properties, such as color, Surface texture, texture, or material ...
, as well as the nutritional content of high value. Compared to wet rice, sticky rice has many nutritional advantages, but it proved more difficult to process. First of all, sticky rice must be soaked in pure water (nước sạch) for a night to make its
grain A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached husk, hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and ...
s bloom bigger, thus ensuring softness after cooking. Before cooking (đồ xôi), sticky rice must be continued to soak with salt water (nước muối). In contrast, the lack of
salt In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt. In the form of a natural crystalline mineral, salt is also known as r ...
will cause the
grain A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached husk, hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and ...
s of sticky rice to be "thin" (gầy), unable to touch the
nerve A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons). Nerves have historically been considered the basic units of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the Electrochemistry, electrochemical nerv ...
s of the taste buds. Therefore, modern Vietnamese folklore has ana extra sentencesaying: "''If the
bread Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cu ...
is indispensable in yeast, how can sticky rice lack
salt In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt. In the form of a natural crystalline mineral, salt is also known as r ...
?''". However, after the process of preliminary processing, until sticky rice becomes xôi, its taste remains unchanged. After all,
salt In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt. In the form of a natural crystalline mineral, salt is also known as r ...
acts as solvents, not spices as many people think. In cuisine
science Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which stu ...
, xôi always consist of four flavors that are nuttiness (ngùi), flavourless (nhạt), salinity (mặn) and sweetness (ngọt). Accordingly, the nuttiness has a significant popularity, while sweetness is very rare. Moreover, the
color Color (or colour in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though co ...
of xôi is white in pure, what is often called ivory color (màu ngà), but it becomes more colorful because of mix with other
food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for Nutrient, nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or Fungus, fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein (nutrient), proteins, vitamins, ...
s (mostly cereals). From the habit of modern Vietnamese people, xôi was classified as one of the extra dishes (bữa phụ) to nourish
nutrition Nutrition is the biochemistry, biochemical and physiology, physiological process by which an organism uses food and water to support its life. The intake of these substances provides organisms with nutrients (divided into Macronutrient, macro- ...
after hard labor. Besides, it is an indispensable dish in important events of
life Life, also known as biota, refers to matter that has biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining processes. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis, Structure#Biological, organisation, met ...
:
Festival A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, Melā, mela, or Muslim holidays, eid. A ...
,
wedding A wedding is a ceremony in which two people are united in marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnicity, ethnicities, Race (human categorization), races, religions, Religious denomination, denominations, Cou ...
s, memorials of the deceased, especially Lunar New Year.


Consumption

In the most classic and universal form, xôi is usually wrapped in leaves of arrowroot or sometimes banana and lotus. This method is to preserve the dish for two ( summer) to three ( winter)
day A day is the time rotation period, period of a full Earth's rotation, rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours (86,400 seconds). As a day passes at a given location it experiences morning, afternoon, evening, ...
s, which is very convenient to make the long journeys. Besides, some persons who are adventurous with their taste buds will fry xôi in a cast iron pan, although this method is not very popular. Moreover, the combination with the heat of
metal A metal () is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electrical resistivity and conductivity, electricity and thermal conductivity, heat relatively well. These properties are all associated wit ...
is generally considered bad for the quality of sticky rice. The ethnic minority communities in the Northwest mountains of
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
have a different way of preparing xôi, which is called "'' cơm lam''" (means "forest meal"). It is cooked in neohouzeaua or sometimes bamboo tubes rather than pots. During the
cooking Cooking, also known as cookery or professionally as the culinary arts, is the art, science and craft of using heat to make food more palatable, digestible, nutritious, or Food safety, safe. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely, from ...
process, the essential oil of the wood penetrates the sticky rice to supplement fragrance and automatically solidifies into a thin
biofilm A biofilm is a Syntrophy, syntrophic Microbial consortium, community of microorganisms in which cell (biology), cells cell adhesion, stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy ext ...
to hold the rice grains. This practice is not originally due to lack, but for convenience in going into the
forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...
for a long time. Since the early 2010s, due to the influence of Thai tourism
culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
, there has been a trend among Vietnamese youth to eat xôi with banana, durian, jackfruit and mango, something that did not exist in previous decades. Its most common use is usually in combination with coconut milk. However, this dish (xôi xiêm, " siam xôi") is only suitable for summer. According to the
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
ese
philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
of yin yang, sticky rice is inherently hot
food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for Nutrient, nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or Fungus, fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein (nutrient), proteins, vitamins, ...
, while wet rice is a mild one, thus xôi is recommended not to use too much for people who can normal condition. The symptoms of eating xôi fully are as: Abdominal pain, belching, difficulty excreted, sometimes itchy. Some groups of
people The term "the people" refers to the public or Common people, common mass of people of a polity. As such it is a concept of human rights law, international law as well as constitutional law, particularly used for claims of popular sovereignty. I ...
are recommended not to use xôi as a meal: Obese, stomach pain, stinger, serious wound, high
fever Fever or pyrexia in humans is a symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with Human body temperature, body temperature exceeding the normal range caused by an increase in the body's temperature Human body temperature#Fever, s ...
, high blood pressure,
pregnancy Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring gestation, gestates inside a woman's uterus. A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Conception (biology), Conception usually occurs ...
, persons tend to gain weight fast, persons usually have flatulence and indigestion. Furthermore, in
Vietnamese cuisine Vietnamese cuisine encompasses the foods and beverages originated from Vietnam. Meals feature a combination of five fundamental tastes (): sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and Piquant, spicy. The distinctive nature of each dish reflects one or more ...
, xôi is usually combined with popular cereals to increase its flavor. Xôi is even said to be extremely helpful when served with fish, because it overcome the
cold Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a subjectivity, subjective perception. A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0.00K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute t ...
when absorbing dishes originating from the
water Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance. It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known liv ...
s. That is why, it is also one of the anti-cold
food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for Nutrient, nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or Fungus, fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein (nutrient), proteins, vitamins, ...
s very effectively. However, xôi should not be combined with
chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated subspecies of the red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus''), originally native to Southeast Asia. It was first domesticated around 8,000 years ago and is now one of the most common and w ...
. By the experience of Vietnamese folklore, these two dishes when combined will make the number of worms grow very quickly in the human body. In addition, some other ingredients are also recommended not to be combined with xôi, such as: Chili, pepper, mustard, garlic, chicken eggs, beef... and especially dog meat. Xôi is also very limited to make cakes, because its stickiness can completely cause throat blockage in case of pureeing. However, due to sticky rice's highest nutritional content of cereals, physicians often recommend the use of xôi for sick people or women who has just given birth. It is thought to stimulate the strength of
mother A mother is the female parent of a child. A woman may be considered a mother by virtue of having given birth, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological offspring, or by supplying her ovum for fertilisation in the case of ges ...
's condition and especially the milk gland, which is very beneficial for babies.


Culture

Despite being pushed down to the secondary row in everyday dishes, xôi has great mental significance of all Vietnamese peoples. It is a priority
food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for Nutrient, nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or Fungus, fungal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, protein (nutrient), proteins, vitamins, ...
for the
deities A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over some aspect of the universe and/or life. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines ''deity'' as a God (male deity), god or god ...
and ancestors in every big occasion. Besides, it is also the main ingredient to make bánh chưng, bánh tét and
bánh giầy (often be mistaken as , or ) is a Vietnamese traditional cake. is a white, flat, and round glutinous rice, glutinous rice cake. They are wrapped in cut pieces of banana leaves. They are usually served with a type of Vietnamese sausage . can ...
, which are very important in the Tết Nguyên Đán. Before the synthetic glue was created, xôi was used by Vietnamese people as a specialized and cheap glue. However, it can only be useful to
paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, Textile, rags, poaceae, grasses, Feces#Other uses, herbivore dung, or other vegetable sources in water. Once the water is dra ...
and some thin items made from bamboo. Examples:
Hand fan A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is a broad, flat surface that is waved back and forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a Circular sector, sector of a circle and made of a thi ...
s, paper lanterns, paintings... *About October 1945, in order to celebrate the Declaration of Independence of new Vietnam, the people of
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
made 100 red xôi trays to offer to the altar of Saint Trần, whom was considered the forefather of the Vietnamese ethnic groups. * Nam Định City is often known in travel guides as "the capital of xôi" (thủ đô xôi) in
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. This comes from the abundance of the quality and way of processing xôi in the Old Quarters inside the city. * Hmong and Yao families in Vietnam often put a bowl of xôi with a few pieces of boiled
pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig animal husbandry, husbandry dating back to 8000–9000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooke ...
at the door every night at the end of the year to invite the forest spirits (ma rừng) for eating. *
Candidate A candidate, or nominee, is a prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position. For example, one can be a candidate for membership in a group (sociology), group or election to an offic ...
s before entering the exam are often given xôi with beans (xôi đỗ/xôi đậu) by
parents A parent is either the progenitor of a child or, in humans, it can refer to a caregiver or legal guardian, generally called an adoptive parent or step-parent. Parents who are progenitors are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. ...
. Because in the pronunciation of Vietnamese people, "bean" (đỗ/đậu) is homogeneous with "passage he exam (thi đỗ/thi đậu), therefore, this is a way to wish luck. *According to Vietnamese law, death row inmates are allowed two hours to enjoy a last meal (cơm đoạn đầu) before serving their sentence. Its composition consists of xôi with beans and chả (Vietnamese sausage). *In
Vietnamese language Vietnamese () is an Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language Speech, spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the official language. It belongs to the Vietic languages, Vietic subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family. Vietnamese is s ...
, the
raspberry The raspberry is the edible fruit of several plant species in the genus ''Rubus'' of the Rosaceae, rose family, most of which are in the subgenus ''Rubus#Modern classification, Idaeobatus''. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Ras ...
is called "quả mâm-xôi" or "trái mâm-xôi" (means "fruit of xôi tray") because of its shape. Similarities: Cúc mâm-xôi (means "daisy of xôi tray")...


Varieties

Due to the diversity and richness of ways to prepare and display xôi, there are yet currently no official statistics on the number of dishes made from it. However, according to the books of authors Thạch Lam, Vũ Bằng and Toan Ánh, xôi can be classified into several groups according to form. #White xôi (xôi suông): The simplest and most common form. However, it is sometimes combined with fat, onions and fish sauce to enhance the flavor. #Betel-flower xôi (xôi hoa cau): The mung beans are cooked with xôi what bloom like speckled flowers. #Pudding xôi (xôi chè): Xôi with beans after cooking are then combined with chè (a pudding of
cassava ''Manihot esculenta'', common name, commonly called cassava, manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although ...
and coconut milk). #Colory xôi (xôi màu): It is combined with cereals and lotus
grain A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached husk, hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and ...
s to create eye-catching
color Color (or colour in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though co ...
s. #Meat xôi (xôi thịt):
Pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig animal husbandry, husbandry dating back to 8000–9000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooke ...
, quail, sometimes
chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated subspecies of the red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus''), originally native to Southeast Asia. It was first domesticated around 8,000 years ago and is now one of the most common and w ...
and eggs. #Fish xôi (xôi cá): Usually fish and shrimp. #Fruit xôi (xôi xiêm): Xôi is combined with popular fruits and lots of coconut milk for sweetness.


Flavors

(Note: The following reviews contain many superficial) ;Savory Savory ''xôi'' are called ''xôi mặn'' in Vietnamese. They include the following varieties: *Xôi ngô or xôi bắp – made with corn and smashed cooked mung beans *Xôi cá – fried fish xôi *Xôi chiên phồng – deep-fried glutinous rice patty *Xôi gà – with chicken *Xôi khúc – with mung bean filling with a coating of pandan leaves paste *Xôi lạc (northern Vietnamese name; called ''xôi đậu phộng'' in southern Vietnam) – made with peanuts *Xôi lạp xưởng or ''xôi lạp xường'' – served with Chinese sausage, meat floss and boiled quail egg *Xôi pate – served with pâté and ham *Xôi sắn or ''xôi khoai mì'' – cooked with
cassava ''Manihot esculenta'', common name, commonly called cassava, manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although ...
*Xôi thập cẩm – subgum ''xôi'' *Xôi thịt kho – served with thịt kho tàu (caramelized pork and eggs) *Xôi trứng – served with fried eggs, caramelized eggs or omelette *Xôi xéo – served with smashed mung beans, fried onions, and rousong *Xôi xíu mại – served with '' siu mai'' ;Sweet Sweet ''xôi'' are called ''xôi ngọt'' in Vietnamese. They include the following varieties: *Xôi bắp – made with corn, sugar, fried onions, and smashed cooked mung beans *Xôi đậu đen – made with black urad beans *Xôi đậu xanh – made with mung beans *Xôi dừa – made with
coconut The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (biology), family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, ...
*Xôi gấc – made with the aril and seeds of the '' gấc'' fruit *Xôi lá cẩm (also called ''xôi tím'') – made with the magenta plant **Xôi lá cẩm đậu xanh – made with the magenta plant and mung beans *Xôi lá dứa – made with pandan leaf extract for the green color and a distinctive pandan flavor *Xôi lúa – with boiled waxy maize, fried shallot and mung bean paste *Xôi nếp than – made with black glutinous rice *Xôi ngũ sắc – 5-colored ''xôi'': purple from the leaf extract of the magenta plant, green from pandan leaf, red from '' gấc'' fruit, yellow from mung beans, and the white color of natural glutinous rice *Xôi nhộng – made with silk worms *Xôi sầu riêng – made with durian *Xôi vị – hard cooked xôi with pandan leaves. *Xôi vò – the glutinous rice grains do not stick together in this type of ''xôi'', as they are coated with ground peeled-and-boiled mung beans *Xôi xoài – made with coconut milk and fresh ripe mango; of Thai origin.


Gallery

(Note: The following statistics are only of relative significance) File:Xôi lá cẩm.jpg, Purple xôi File:Xôi gà.jpg, Xôi with chicken File:Xôi ngũ sắc.JPG, Xôi in five colours File:Xôi xéo.jpg, Cutting xôi File:Xôi khúc.jpg, Xôi with bean flour File:Xôi chiên.JPG, Fried xôi File:Xôi mỡ hành.jpg, Xôi with fat and onions File:Xôi giò trứng.jpg, Xôi with giò and eggs File:Xôi đỗ xanh.jpg, Xôi with mung beans File:Xôi cúc.jpg, Xôi with yellow beans File:Xôi sính lễ năm 2012 (2).JPG, Xôi with gac fruits File:Cỗ cưới người Việt.JPG, Xôi with meat fibers File:Xôi cá rô.jpg, Xôi with perches


See also

* Bánh chưng *
Bánh giầy (often be mistaken as , or ) is a Vietnamese traditional cake. is a white, flat, and round glutinous rice, glutinous rice cake. They are wrapped in cut pieces of banana leaves. They are usually served with a type of Vietnamese sausage . can ...
* Bánh đòn * Bánh lá liễu (紅桃粿) * Chả * Chè * Cơm * Khao lam * Lemang * Mango sticky rice (Kao niew mamuang) * Okowa (おこわ) * Zhú tǒng fàn (竹筒飯)


Notes and references


Notes


References


Further reading


Bibliography

* George Coedes. ''The Making of South East Asia'', 2nd ed.
University of California The University of California (UC) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university, research university system in the U.S. state of California. Headquartered in Oakland, California, Oakland, the system is co ...
Press, 1983. * Trần Ngọc Thêm. ''Cơ sở văn hóa Việt Nam'' (The Foundation of Vietnamese Culture), 504 pages. Publishing by Nhà xuất bản Đại học Tổng hợp TPHCM.
Saigon Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...
,
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
, 1995. * Trần Quốc Vượng, Tô Ngọc Thanh, Nguyễn Chí Bền, Lâm Mỹ Dung, Trần Thúy Anh.
Cơ sở văn hóa Việt Nam
' (The Basis of Vietnamese Culture), 292 pages. Re-publishing by Nhà xuất bản Giáo Dục Việt Nam & Quảng Nam Printing Co-Ltd.
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
,
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
, 2006. * Li Tana (2011). ''Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf''. In Cooke, Nola; Li Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.). The Tongking Gulf Through History. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–44. ISBN 9780812205022. * Li Tana,
Towards an environmental history of the eastern Red River Delta, Vietnam, c.900–1400
', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2014. * Samuel Baron, Christoforo Borri, Olga Dror, Keith W. Taylor (2018). ''Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam : Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin''. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-501-72090-1. *


External links

;English
Xôi – the quintessential comfort foodVietnamese sticky rice (xôi) : A great choice for your quick breakfastXôi types : A complete guide to Vietnamese sticky riceVietnamese sticky rice (xôi) : A must-try for your upcoming food tourThe xôi trays has unique shapes in Phú Thượng village
;Vietnamese

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xoi Vietnamese rice dishes Vietnamese words and phrases