Wŏn Kyun

Wŏn Kyun (; 12 February 1540 – 27 August 1597) was a Korean general and admiral during the Joseon period. He is best known for his campaigns against the Japanese during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea. Wŏn was a member of Wonju Wŏn clan, which was well known for its members' military accomplishments. He was born in 1540 near Pyeongtaek and demonstrated his skill as warrior at a young age. He was qualified as a military officer and was first assigned to the northern border to defend against the Jurchens, who frequently raided Korean villages. Wŏn led many successful campaigns with Yi Il and Yi Sun-sin against the Jurchens. After considerable accomplishments on the northern frontier, he was promoted to admiral in 1592 and sent to the southern coast of Gyeongsang Province to command the province's Western Fleet, along with Yi Sun-sin, who became admiral before Wŏn and took command of Jeolla Province's Eastern Fleet. At the time, Wŏn and Yi were cavalry leaders who had no experience with naval warfare.

Military career

Upon passing the qualification exam, he was assigned to the northern border to defend against the Jurchens, who frequently raided Korean villages. Wŏn led successful campaigns along with Yi Il and Yi Sun-sin against the Jurchens. He was promoted to admiral in 1592 and sent to the southern coast of Gyeongsang Province to command the province's Eastern Fleet, with Yi Sun-sin, who became admiral before Wŏn and took command of Jeolla Province's Western Fleet. At the time, Wŏn and Yi were cavalry leaders who had no experience with naval warfare.

Before the Japanese invasion

After a long period of internal warfare, Japan had just been united by a new leader, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who had become supreme ruler over most of Japan by killing and co-opting many rivals to rise to power. He decided to begin an expansionist war against Japan's neighbors, beginning with Joseon as the first step to China, then under the Ming Dynasty. Some Koreans realized that the threat from Japan was great and argued that the Joseon dynasty needed to prepare for invasion from Japan as well as the existing Jurchen menace. However, the government was divided along factional lines, and officials could not reach a decision.

First wave of Japanese invasion

On April 13, 1592, the Japanese fleet, under Katō Kiyomasa, launched a sudden strike on the Eastern Fleet of Gyeongsang province and disabled every ship under its control. The main army under Kato and Konishi Yukinaga landed on the Korean Peninsula the next day and marched northward. Wŏn, the commander of the Eastern Fleet of Gyeongsang Province, was also routed by the invading Japanese. (Wŏn's predecessor was able to pass a fleet combat readiness inspection just one year before the war.) With an able force, Admiral Wŏn might have had an opportunity to intercept and engage Japanese invading forces at sea, thus perhaps preventing or delaying the Japanese incursion on Korean soil. However, he decided not to act upon the naval intelligence regarding the Japanese incursion until the Japanese landing party had established a beachhead and successfully laid siege upon the city of Busan.

At that point, Wŏn sank many of his ships in retreat to ensure they would not be captured by invading Japanese forces. With four ships left under his command, Wŏn called for help from Yi Sun-sin, who had prepared for war and raised a smaller and battle ready fleet. King Seonjo finally ordered both admirals to fight against the Japanese forces on May 2, 1592. Wŏn and Yi began their campaign two days later, with Admiral Yi Ŏkki, the commander of the Eastern Fleet of Jeolla Province who later became the commander of the Western Fleet of the same Province following Yi's promotion.

On May 7, the Korean navy under Yi destroyed a Japanese fleet in the Battle of Okpo. Later, Wŏn was promoted to an army general, and Yi became naval chief of staff.

Plot to remove Yi Sun-sin

In 1597, the Japanese decided to stop all negotiations with the Koreans and Chinese Ming dynasty and planned a re-invasion of Korea. To do so, they plotted to remove Admiral Yi Sun-sin from his position. Japanese spies directed by Konishi Yukinaga spread word that Katō Kiyomasa was urging other Japanese to continue fighting and would soon be crossing the sea. King Seonjo ordered Admiral Yi to capture Kato, but Yi refused to do so, as he knew that the words were the fabrications of Japanese agents.

Seonjo was in fear of a possible coup d'état attempt by Yi or by his supporters, which was never plotted, but Seonjo convinced himself it could happen any day: Yi refused to carry out his orders several times and his fleet was the strongest combat force on both sides. Yi refused to carry out the orders purely due to tactical reasons, but the act of insubordination itself, no matter how justifiable, frightened the King beyond his breaking point. King Seonjo finally ordered the execution of Yi, but the royal court reluctantly yet successfully resisted the order and was able to lower the punishment to imprisonment and demotion. Yi was placed under the command of Kwŏn Yul to recover from his wounds from the torture administered during the investigation of the charges against him. Seonjo then replaced Yi with Wŏn Kyun as the naval chief of staff.

Battle of Chilcheonryang – Wŏn Kyun's first and last naval engagement

Wŏn also knew the information was false and did not advance toward Busan for the same tactical reasons Yi had reported to the royal court before his removal from the post. Yi was removed for refusing orders to engage the Japanese. The government continued to trust the information and ordered Wŏn to attack Japanese ships at Ungchŏn. Wŏn attacked the Japanese – who were mostly unarmed and protected under the cease-fire treaty to support the negotiation process which was about to be terminated – and defeated them. He lost one of his battleships and its captain during the attack. He did not advance after receiving a letter of protest from the Japanese commander. Then Field Marshal Kwŏn Yul, who was also under heavy pressure from the king, recalled Wŏn to his headquarters and once again ordered him to attack Busan. Wŏn finally led the navy towards Busan, along with the admiral Yi Ŏkki, following orders despite tactical considerations.

The Japanese at first seemed to retreat, but it was a trap. The Japanese were prepared to devastate the Joseon navy before land invasion. The number of Japanese ships was so great that most of the Koreans were thoroughly intimidated, including Admiral . The Japanese fleet, commanded by Tōdō Takatora, advanced toward Wŏn Kyun's fleets. Wŏn knew that he would lose the battle but had no choice but to engage.

At the Battle of Chilchonryang, most of Joseon Navy's ships were destroyed. Wŏn was considered to be killed in action while running away, when his brother was killed during this battle. Only the small detachment of twelve warships under the command of admiral Pae Sŏl – who refused to participate and fled even before the battle began – survived. Every other ship in the combat was destroyed or disabled, along with almost all of the Joseon navy line officers and many capable mid-level commanders.

Aftermath

The battle opened the route for the Japanese to advance to the Yellow Sea, and Todo devised a plan to attack Hanyang from land and sea with Katō Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga. However, Japan's hopes were crushed again by Yi Sun-sin's return at the Battle of Myeongnyang, which would decide the winner of the devastating war. Despite any historical controversy, Wŏn Kyun and Yi Sun-sin received commendations following their deaths.

Legacy

Next to his military career, Wŏn Kyun is perhaps best known for his personal faults, which included excessive alcohol consumption and attempts at adultery. In his ''War Diaries'', Yi Sun-Sin recalls reports and rumors about "cruel deeds" committed by Wŏn and even mentions an incident in which Wŏn had attempted to seduce one of his subordinates' wives, calling him a "wicked man" and (at least partially) blaming him for his degradation ("Wŏn employs all means to entrap me").Yi Sun-sin, ''Nanjung Ilgi'', pp. 266, 267–268.

Much controversy lingers in regard to Wŏn Kyun as a military leader. Widely panned by scholars and historians, there is recent research to suggest that Wŏn Kyun may have been excessively vilified during the Park Chung Hee administration to elevate Yi Sun-sin by juxtaposition. In particular, Wŏn Kyun's earlier successes against the Jurchens have been buried and there is an interest in providing a more objective view of Wŏn Kyun's military career.

While fault exists for Wŏn Kyun's mistakes as a naval officer, much of the blame of the troubles during that period lies in the factionalized incompetence of the royal court. However, it is still hard to ignore his actions and lack of competency as a naval commander, and blame the political instability and indecision of the royal court for the result of the battle of Chilcheonryang. The battle led to the near-complete annihilation of the Korean navy in a single engagement against the Japanese, who had previously been unable to prevail against the Koreans in naval engagements. Some explain his legacy of poor command to be an unfortunate byproduct of comparison with his more successful associate, Yi Sun-sin.

Family

Parents

*Father – Wŏn Chunnyang (), Internal Prince Pyeongwon (; ? 18 December – ? 27 January)
* Mother – Lady Yang of the Namwon Yang clan ()

Siblings

* Younger brother – Wŏn Yŏn (; 1543–1597); became the adoptive son of his uncle Wŏn Suryang ()
* Younger brother – Wŏn Yong () or Wŏn Hun ()
* Younger brother – Wŏn Chŏn () or Wŏn O (; ? – 1597)
* Younger brother – Wŏn Chi ()
* Younger sister – Lady Wŏn of the Wonju Wŏn clan ()
* Younger brother – Wŏn Kon ()
* Younger brother – Wŏn Kam ()
* Younger brother – Wŏn Hae ()

Wives and issues

*Yun Ch'asim (), Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨; 1546 – 16 September 1642)
**Son – Wŏn Saung (; 1575–1646)
**Daughter – Lady Wŏn of the Wonju Wŏn clan ()
* Unnamed concubine
* Unnamed concubine

In popular culture

Film and television

* Portrayed by Choi Jae-sung in the 2004–2005 KBS1 TV series ''Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin''.
* Portrayed by Son Hyun-joo in the 2022 film '' Hansan: Rising Dragon''.

Comics

*In '' Yi Soon Shin: Warrior and Defender'', as one of Yi's adversaries.

Video games

In the ''Admiral Yi'' campaign of the video game '' Empires: Dawn of the Modern World'', Wŏn Kyun is portrayed as a traitor to Korea, allying first with Manchu raiders harassing Korea's north and later with the Japanese invaders. In this portrayal, Wŏn Kyun appears to be responsible for masterminding both attacks on Korea, with the eventual aim of becoming King of a reduced Korea, allied to Japan and a tributary to Ming China. His treachery is discovered by Yu Sŏngnyong, and he is arrested.

See also

*History of Korea
* Naval history of Korea
* Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea

References

Further reading

*Yi Sun-sin, Nanjung Ilgi he War Diary eds. Ha Tae-hung and Sohn Pow-key. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. 1977.
*Sadler, A.L. "The Naval Campaign in the Korean War of Hideyoshi, 1592–1598." In ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,'' ser. 2, vol. 14, June 1937, pp. 178–208.
*Underwood, Horace Horton. "Korean Boats and Ships." In ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society,'' Korea Branch, Seoul, vol. 23, pp. 1–89, 1934.
*Park, Yun-hee. Yi Sun-sin. Seoul: Hanjin. 1978.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Won, Gyun
1540 births
1597 deaths
Joseon admirals
People of the Imjin War
Joseon generals
Korean military personnel killed in action
16th-century Korean people
Gyun
People from Pyeongtaek