Workers' Club is a work by the Soviet artist, sculptor, and designer

Alexander Rodchenko Aleksander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (; – 3 December 1956) was a Russian and Soviet artist, sculptor, photographer, and graphic designer. He was one of the founders of constructivism and Russian design; he was married to the artist Varvara Stepa ...

, a founder of

constructivism Constructivism may refer to: Art and architecture * Constructivism (art), an early 20th-century artistic movement that extols art as a practice for social purposes * Constructivist architecture, an architectural movement in the Soviet Union in t ...

. It was built for the Soviet Pavilion at the Paris World's Fair of 1925. The artist aimed to create an optimal model space for self-education and cultural leisure activities, including playing

chess Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves Perfect information, no hidden information and no elements of game of chance, chance. It is played on a square chessboard, board consisting of 64 squares arran ...

. The display of the Workers' Club in Paris aroused great interest on the part of both artists and the general public. After the exhibition was over, the furniture set that made up the Workers' Club was gifted to the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the ...

. Its current whereabouts are unknown, and the set is considered missing. Since the middle of the 20th century, several reconstructions of individual components of the club, as well as of the complete set, have been realized in various countries. The most complete and accurate copy of the Worker's Club was made in 2021 by experts of the Moscow State Stroganov Academy of Design and Applied Arts from the original designs by Alexander Rodchenko and using the tools and techniques employed in the original.

History

By the mid-1920s, Rodchenko, a founder of constructivism, was already an acclaimed and highly sought-after figure in several artistic fields. In addition to painting,

graphics Graphics () are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone, to inform, illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage, it includes a pictorial representation of the data, as in design and manufa ...

, sculpture, and photography, he proved successful in spatial and interior design, becoming one of the pioneering Soviet designers. Rodchenko combined his multi-faceted creativity with teaching at VKhUTEMAS: in 1923 he was elected chair of the Metalworking Department and, two years later, when the latter was merged with the Woodworking Department to form Metalworking and Woodworking Department – DERMETFAC (), he also chaired that new department. On the back of his achievements and authority in the country's artistic circles, as well as his good reputation in the eyes of government leaders, Rodchenko was brought in to work on the Soviet Pavilion at the

International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts The International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts () was a specialized exhibition held in Paris, France, from April 29 (the day after it was inaugurated in a private ceremony by the President of France) to November 8, 1925 (O ...

, held in Paris from late April to late October 1925. The project had great political significance – it was the first time the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

would participate in such a major international event. Yet the timeline for putting up the Soviet section at the exhibition was very tight, since

diplomatic relations Diplomacy is the communication by representatives of state, intergovernmental, or non-governmental institutions intended to influence events in the international system.Ronald Peter Barston, ''Modern Diplomacy'', Pearson Education, 2006, p. ...

with France had only been established in October 1924, six months before the opening of the exhibition. As a member of the Exhibition Committee and deputy chair of its selection board, Rodchenko played an important role in selecting the design for the Soviet Exhibition Pavilion, with preference going to the project of the avant-garde architect

Konstantin Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovich Melnikov (Russian: Константин Степанович Мельников; – November 28, 1974) was a Russian architect and painter. His architectural work, compressed into a single decade (1923–33), placed ...

. Once the competition was over and construction work began, Rodchenko was dispatched to Paris to design the Soviet exposition. It was Rodchenko who came up with the color scheme for the two-story frame pavilion – the contrasting combination of red, white and gray.

Creation and main characteristics

As a key element of the interior of the Soviet Pavilion, Rodchenko designed what he believed to be an ideal space for collective self-education and cultural pastime of the urban proletariat – a ''workers' club''. Namesake public spaces which

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...

dubbed ″forges of proletarian mass culture″ were being set up by the thousands in the cities of the Soviet Union at that time, alongside ''reading cabins'' in the countryside. Workers' clubs were multifunctional, allowing to hold both propaganda and educational events, show films, put on plays, and initiate industrial workers into fiction and intellectual games. In 1924–28, the

Proletkult Proletkult ( rus, Пролетку́льт, p=prəlʲɪtˈkulʲt), a portmanteau of the Russian words "proletarskaya kultura" ( proletarian culture), was an experimental Soviet artistic institution that arose in conjunction with the Russian Revol ...

even published the magazine titled ″Workers' Club″, which served as a conceptual aid for running namesake public spaces. Rodchenko designed the Workers' Club exhibit with the assistance of his students at the VKhUTEMAS in the weeks leading up to the Paris trip. The design fully embodied the artist's constructivist outlook. The basic principles that guided Rodchenko in the creation of the work were laid out after the exhibition in the ''Modern Architecture Magazine'' by his wife and creative associate

Varvara Stepanova Varvara Fyodorovna Stepanova (; – May 20, 1958) was a Russian artist. With her husband Alexander Rodchenko, she was associated with the Constructivist branch of the Russian avant-garde, which rejected aesthetic values in favour of revolutiona ...

, who was also a renowned artist and constructivist designer, and who wrote for the magazine under the pseudonym ''Varst''. The key project criteria were not so much aesthetic as practical: Stand from the Workers Club

All the furnishings of the Workers' Club were decided to be made of wood. In March–April 1925, they were manufactured to designs and sketches brought from Moscow by Rodchenko, at the furniture factory in the Parisian suburb Asnières. However, according to Stepanova's recollections, not all the elements of the original design could be made, due to the tight deadline and a more than modest budget of the Soviet exhibition section. As Rodchenko intended, all the components of the Workers' Club were extremely compact, devoid of decorative elements, and as functional as possible: most of them had several possible configurations serving various practical purposes. This was especially true for the most important element of the set — the multifunctional convertible unit dubbed ″the living newspaper″ which could be converted depending on the nature of events held at the Club: several manipulations taking mere seconds allowed turning this light batten structure with joints into a lectern, a cinema screen or an adjustable-width wall for posters, geographical maps or theatrical scenery. The multifunctional unit was designed to be placed against a room wall, while two tables occupied the center of the set. One of them, a long table for meetings, writing and reading, was lined with twelve armless chairs with high frame backs with semicircular upper rails. The table consisted of two sections and could be divided into two smaller tables for six persons each. In addition, the folding tabletop allowed to instantly double or triple the table in size. The second table in the set was the

chess table A chess table is a table built with features to make it useful for playing the game of chess. They can come in various sizes and shapes, and are usually made of solid wood. They can be found in some cities and other public areas. Most are of a s ...

. Rodchenko considered

an indispensable element of cultural pastime and an important aid to the intellectual development of the proletariat. The chessboard tabletop could be horizontally rotated to change the color of the player at the start of a new game without players having to get up from the table. The two chairs for chess players had armrests, rectangular backs made of four parallel vertical boards with a straight upper rail. The rectangular footings, on which they were mounted, were interlocked exactly under the center of the chess table. Stand from the Workers Club-2

In addition, the set included two book racks with five rows of slanted surfaces without glazing and drawers in the lower tier, which could be converted into small tables or pedestals. Another element of the interior was a specially designed display stand – its three horizontal hexagonal rotating drums allowed different visuals to be displayed alternately. The interior was enhanced by Rodchenko's posters on the walls and a large fragment of a photograph of

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...

, taken on 16 October 1918, during a walk in the

Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin (also the Kremlin) is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia. Located in the centre of the country's capital city, the Moscow Kremlin (fortification), Kremlin comprises five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Mosco ...

courtyard with

Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich Vladimir Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich (; sometimes spelled Bonch-Bruevich; in Polish Boncz-Brujewicz; – 14 July 1955) was a Soviet politician, revolutionary, historian, writer and Old Bolshevik. He was Vladimir Lenin's personal secretary ...

, which depicts the first Soviet leader half-turned, at two-thirds height. The space was divided into functional areas, which the artist distinguished by different wall colors and inscriptions: ″Workers' Club. Announcements″, ″Library″, ″Lenin″. Because of the latter inscription, some Western sources list Rodchenko's set as ''Lenin Workers' Club''. For the color design of the Club Rodchenko used

Ripolin Ripolin is a brand of paint. It was the first commercially available brand of enamel paint. Ripolin, a brand of commercial ready-mixed paints formulated for architectural, marine and other applications, originated in the Netherlands where it was de ...

enamel paint Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in temperature; it should not be confused with decorated objects in "painted enam ...

s, which were very popular among European designers of the period. The color scheme consisted of the contrasting red, white, and gray common to the Soviet exhibition pavilion. The only exception Rodchenko made when working on the chess table was to use black for the dark chess pieces, the dark squares on the board, and one of the chairs. The other half of the chess pieces, the squares, and the second chair by the chessboard were painted red.

Reception and subsequent fate

The furnishing of the Workers' Club was not completed until the second month of the Paris Exhibition – on 1 June 1925. During the few days remaining until the official opening of the Soviet Pavilion, the Club was frequented by the few Soviet citizens who were in Paris during that period and who used it for its direct purpose – to gather and read. That was fully in keeping with the artist's concept, who from the beginning stressed his desire to create not a mere exhibit, but a functional space truly useful for people. Table from the Workers Club

After its official opening on 10 June, the Soviet Pavilion immediately attracted increased attention from both the creative elite and the general public. Both the exterior and interior of the building were widely regarded as contrasting with the pretentious style of most of the other pavilions – later called

Art Deco Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...

– and impressed with the originality and novelty of the technical and artistic solutions involved. They were praised in particular by such renowned European artists as

Fernand Léger Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...

and

Le Corbusier Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 188727 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier ( , ; ), was a Swiss-French architectural designer, painter, urban planner and writer, who was one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture ...

. The latter, who himself designed one of the exhibition's largest pavilions, the ''New Spirit'', declared that the Soviet Pavilion was the only one worth seeing. Léger,

Pablo Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...

and

Theo van Doesburg Theo van Doesburg (; born Christian Emil Marie Küpper; 30 August 1883 – 7 March 1931) was a Dutch painter, writer, poet and architect. He is best known as the founder and leader of De Stijl. He married three times. Personal life Theo van Do ...

were also notoriously eager to meet the designer of the Soviet Pavilion, but Rodchenko abstained from meeting with his prominent foreign peers – according to the members of the Soviet delegation, the reasons were his reserve and shyness, as well as his lack of knowledge of foreign languages. Western critics′ reviews of the Workers′ Club emphasized the mobility and functionality of its components, their convertibility, novel minimalist shapes and the unusual color design. Art historians later noted that Rodchenko's Worker's Club was a flagship of constructivist design, exerting strong influence on the followers of the movement. Bookshelf from the Workers Club

An extended report on Rodchenko's design was published by the accredited correspondent of the aforementioned Soviet magazine titled ''Workers′ Club''. The article underscored not only the convenience and efficiency of the set, but also the difference in its reception by the different classes of French society: Rodchenko's work also received official recognition: the Workers' Club was awarded a silver medal at the end of the exhibition. Separate awards of the same level were also given to four of Rodchenko's posters displayed in the Club. After the exhibition was over, the Soviet Pavilion, like most of the other structures erected for the event, was to be dismantled. Instead of transporting the Club back home, the Soviet delegation decided to gift it to the

. It is known that for some time Rodchenko's set remained on the PCF premises and was used for its intended purposes. Later, however, its traces were lost and its current whereabouts are unknown.

Reconstructions

Since the middle of the 20th century, when the loss of the Workers' Club became apparent, there have been numerous attempts in various countries – Britain, Spain, the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

, France, the USSR, and the United States – to fully or partially reconstruct Rodchenko's original set. But despite the undoubted similarity of the reconstructed sets or their individual components to the original, every attempt revealed various discrepancies in terms of proportions, materials, colors and finish. In 2008, German furniture makers reconstructed the Club for the exhibition ″From Plane to Space.

Malevich Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (

and Early

Modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...

″, held at the

Baden-Baden Baden-Baden () is a spa town in the states of Germany, state of Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, at the north-western border of the Black Forest mountain range on the small river Oos (river), Oos, ten kilometres (six miles) east of the ...

Kunsthalle A kunsthalle () is a facility that mounts temporary art exhibitions, similar to an art gallery. It is distinct from an art museum by not having a permanent collection. In the German-speaking regions of Europe, ''Kunsthallen'' are often operated ...

. At the end of the exhibition the set was donated to the Russian New Tretyakov Gallery, becoming part of its permanent collection. Compared with all previous reconstructions, it was recognized as the most complete and accurate copy of the Club. Later, however, research conducted by Russian experts revealed several differences between the work of German furniture makers and Rodchenko's original. The most important of those differences related to the shades of color and the nuances of the contours of the furniture: in the pieces of furniture made in Germany in 2008, the corners and edges were noticeably rounded, while in Rodchenko's set they were as sharp as possible, even on the inside of the pieces. The latter discrepancy seems particularly significant to art historians since it is precisely the sharp angles and edges that are considered an important element of the constructivist aesthetic. According to the conclusions of experts in Moscow, the difference can be explained at least in part by the fact that the German set was made with contemporary materials and tools –

fiberboard Fiberboard (American English) or fibreboard (Commonwealth English) is a type of engineered wood product that is made out of wood fibers. Types of fiberboard (in order of increasing density) include particle board or low-density fiberboard (LDF ...

processed on CNC machines with circular cutters. In 2021, a complete and most accurate copy of the Workers' Club was made in Moscow for the first time. The reconstruction project was carried out by experts and students of the Furniture Design Department of Moscow State Stroganov Academy of Design and Applied Arts, the successor to the Wood- and Metalworking Department of VKhUTEMAS, which Rodchenko had headed, with the financial and organizational support of

Andrey Filatov Andrey Vasilievich Filatov (; born 18 December 1971) is a Russian businessperson. Filatov is chairman of the Board of Directors of Tuloma investment company, and a co-owner of the Globaltrans company. In 2021, Forbes estimated his wealth at $8 ...

, President of the

Russian Chess Federation The Chess Federation of Russia (), known until 2018 as the Russian Chess Federation, () is the governing body for chess in Russia, and the officially recognized arm of the FIDE in Russia. It was founded on 15 February 1992, following the dissoluti ...

and founder of the Art Russe Foundation. The reconstruction was preceded by lengthy research in the course of which Rodchenko's designs and watercolor sketches were studied in their entirety. Some of the designs and sketches have survived in the Department archives, while others – in the family archives of Rodchenko's grandson, Vice-Principal of the Stroganov Academy Alexander Lavrentyev, who took an active part in the reconstruction project. To maximize the approximation to the original, the Stroganov Academy team used only those materials (

solid wood Solid wood is a term most commonly used to distinguish between ordinary lumber and engineered wood, but it also refers to structures that do not have hollow spaces. Engineered wood products are manufactured by binding together wood strands, fiber ...

and

glue Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation. The use of adhesives offers certain advantage ...

plywood Plywood is a composite material manufactured from thin layers, or "plies", of wood veneer that have been stacked and glued together. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards, which include plywood, medium-density fibreboa ...

), tools and techniques that were available to the makers of the Workers' Club in the mid-1920s. The chess table in the newly reconstructed Club came complete with a set of wooden

chess pieces A chess piece, or chessman, is a game piece that is placed on a chessboard to play the game of chess. It can be either White and Black in chess, white or black, and it can be one of six types: King (chess), king, Queen (chess), queen, Rook (ches ...

in the constructivist style, designed by Lavrentyev as early as 1976. The project team was guided by the task not only to recreate Rodchenko's Workers’ Club with utmost accuracy and precision, but also to ensure its future use in accordance with its original practical purpose – not as a mere museum exhibit, but rather as a space for self-education and cultural recreation. Completed in November 2021, the project produced two copies of the Workers' Club. One of them remained on the premises of the Stroganov Academy, the project executor, where it is used by teachers and students for studying and recreation. The other copy was shipped to France to be housed at the ''Chateau La Grace Dieu des Prieurs'' wine estate in Saint-Emilion, designed by the French architect

Jean Nouvel Jean Nouvel (; born 12 August 1945) is a French architect. Nouvel studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was a founding member of ''Mars 1976'' and ''Syndicat de l'Architecture'', France’s first labor union for architects. He has ob ...

. There, it is now also used for its direct purpose – the cultural recreation of the winery workers.

References

{{reflist, refs= {{cite web, url=https://expert.ru/expert/2011/42/proletarskij-eksklyuziv/, title=Пролетарский эксклюзив (Proletarian exclusive), author=Юлия Попова (Julia Popova), publisher=

Expert An expert is somebody who has a broad and deep understanding and competence in terms of knowledge, skill and experience through practice and education in a particular field or area of study. Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized ...

, date=24 October 2011, accessdate=2022-01-13, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://www.theartnewspaper.ru/posts/20211201-ayew/, title="Рабочий клуб" Александра Родченко реконструирован со всеми острыми углами (Alexander Rodchenko's Workers’ Club Reissued with All the Sharp Angles), author=Татьяна Маркина (Tatiana Markina), publisher=The Art Newspaper – Russia, date=1 December 2021, accessdate=2022-01-13, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://www.vkhutemas.ru/structure/faculties/metalworking-woodprocessing/, title=Металлообрабатывающий, Деревообделочный, ДЕРМЕТФАК (Metalworking, Woodworking, DERMETFAC), author=, publisher=, date=, accessdate=2022-01-13, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://www.culture.ru/institutes/13963/rabochii-klub-a-m-rodchenko-dlya-mezhdunarodnoi-vystavki-1925-goda-v-parizhe, title=Рабочий клуб А.М. Родченко для Международной выставки 1925 года в Париже (A.M. Rodchenko's Workers’ Club for the 1925 International Exhibition in Paris), author=, publisher=Культура.РФ (Culture.RF), date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://www.the-village.ru/weekend/weekend/109475-vystavka-tatlin, title=В Третьяковке открылись выставки Владимира Татлина и Александра Родченко (Exhibitions of Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko Open at Tretyakovka), author=Aljona Lapina, publisher=The Village, date=7 October 2011, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://e-catalog.nlb.by/Collection/BY-NLB-br0000836148, title=Рабочий клуб: ежемесячный журнал (Workers’ Club: Monthly Journal. National Library of Belarus), author=, publisher=

National Library of Belarus The National Library of Belarus (, ) is the largest library in the Republic of Belarus, located in Minsk. It houses the largest collection of Belarusian printed materials and the third largest collection of books in Russian behind the Russian St ...

, date=7 October 2011, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=http://tehne.com/event/arhivsyachina/arhiv-proekt-cementnogo-zavoda-derevenskiy-kiosk-1926#varst, title=Варст. Рабочий клуб. Конструктивист А. М. Родченко // Современная архитектура. 1926. № 1. — С. 36 (Varst. Worker's Club. Constructivist A. Rodchenko // Modern Architecture. – 1926. – № 1. – p. 36), author=, publisher=, date=7 October 2011, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=http://vma.muar.ru/ru/objects/rabochiy-klub-am-rodchenko-dlya-mezhdunarodnoy-vystavki-1925-goda-v-parizhe, title=Рабочий клуб А. М. Родченко для Международной выставки 1925 года в Париже. Описание (A. M. Rodchenko's Workers’ Club for the 1925 International Exposition in Paris. Description), author=, publisher=

Shchusev Museum of Architecture The ShchusevThe official site of the museum prefers the spelling ''Schusev''. Museum of Architecture is a national museum of Russian Architecture located in Moscow the capital of Russia and also a research centre to study and promote the archite ...

, date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://lenin.shm.ru/832-2/, title=Фотография. В. И. Ленин с В. Д. Бонч-Бруевичем во дворе Кремля на прогулке по выздоровлению после ранения (Photograph. Lenin with V. Bonch-Bruevich in the Kremlin courtyard on a convalescence walk after injury. Central Museum of Lenin), author=, publisher=Central Museum of Lenin, date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://thecharnelhouse.org/2014/05/29/aleksandr-rodchenko-lenin-workers-club-in-paris-1925/, title=Aleksandr Rodchenko, Lenin workers’ club in Paris (1925), author=, publisher=The Charnel-House: From Bauhaus to Beinhaus, date=29 May 2014, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=en {{cite web, url=https://rg.ru/2021/12/08/v-stroganovke-vossozdali-rabochij-klub-aleksandra-rodchenko.html, title=В Строгановке воссоздали "Рабочий клуб" Александра Родченко (Alexander Rodchenko's Workers’ Club reissued by the Stroganov Academy), author=Иван Владимиров (Ivan Vladimirov), publisher=

Rossiyskaya Gazeta ' () is a Russian newspaper published by the Government of Russia. History ''Rossiyskaya Gazeta'' was founded in 1990 by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR during the ''glasnost'' reforms in Soviet Union, shortl ...

, date=8 December 2021, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=http://lef.nekrasovka.ru/paris, title= Родченко в Париже. Из писем домой. «Новый Леф», 1927, № 2 (Rodchenko in Paris. From Letters Home. "Novy Lef," 1927, #2), author=, publisher= Nekrasov Central Library, date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=http://www.coll.spb.ru/public/101.php, title=Инженеры искусства, изобретатели будущего. Александр Родченко – Варвара Степанова (Engineers of Art, Inventors of the Future. Alexander Rodchenko – Varvara Stepanova), author=Андрей Манчук (Andrei Manchuk), publisher=, date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language= {{cite web, url=https://aerodizain.com/a-rodchenko-dva-proekta-oborudovanija-rabochego/, title=А. Родченко — два проекта оборудования рабочего клуба (Rodchenko – Two Projects for Workers’ Club Furnishment), author=, publisher=, date=, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://artinvestment.ru/news/exhibitions/20111004_rodchenko.html, title=Третьяковка восстановила "Рабочий клуб" Родченко (Tretyakov Gallery Restores Rodchenko's Worker's Club), author=, publisher=, date=4 October 2011, accessdate=2022-01-14, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://news.myseldon.com/ru/news/index/262984729, title=Рабочий клуб Родченко возвращается во Францию (Rodchenko's Workers’ Club Returns to France), author=, publisher=Seldon News, date=30 November 2021, accessdate=2022-01-17, language=ru {{cite web, url=https://tass.ru/sport/13023579, title=Шахматный стол стал частью проекта реконструкции "Рабочего клуба СССР": Все предметы мебельного дизайна воссоздавались на основе технологий начала ХХ века (Chess Table As Part of Workers' Club of the USSR Reissue Project: All Pieces of Furniture Design Recreated Using Early Twentieth-Century Technology), author=Андрей Карташов (Andrey Kartashov), publisher=

TASS The Russian News Agency TASS, or simply TASS, is a Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904. It is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide. TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterpri ...

, date=25 November 2021, accessdate=2022-01-17, language=ru Constructivism (art) Russian avant-garde 1925 in France History of furniture Buildings and structures completed in 1925