Vāmācāra

''Vāmācāra'' (, ) is a tantric term meaning 'left-hand path' and is synonymous with the Sanskrit term ''vāmamārga''. It is used to describe a particular mode of worship or '' sadhana'' (spiritual practice) that uses heterodox things to sublimate for spiritual growth.

These practices are often generally considered to be tantric in orientation. The converse term is ''dakṣiṇācāra'' "right-hand path", which is used to refer not only to orthodox sects but to modes of spirituality that engage in spiritual practices that accord with Vedic injunction and are generally agreeable to the status quo.

Left-handed and right-handed modes of practice may be evident in both orthodox and heterodox practices of Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and are a matter of taste, culture, proclivity, initiation, ''sadhana'' and lineage ('' parampara'').

Nomenclature and etymology

N. N. Bhattacharyya explains the Sanskrit technical term '' '' as follows:

e means of spiritual attainment which varies from person to person according to competence.... ''Ācāras'' are generally of seven kinds -- Veda, Vaiṣṇava, Śaiva, Dakṣiṇa, Vāma, Siddhāṇta, and Kaula, falling into two broad categories -- Dakṣiṇa and Vāma. Interpretations vary regarding the nature and grouping of the ''ācāras''. It is generally held that those who participate in the rituals of Five Ms belong to the category of Vāmācāra.

' means "pleasant, lovable, agreeable" and '' '' means "south". Facing the rising sun towards east, ' would be the right side. For this reason, the term ''vāmācāra'' is often translated "left-hand path", while ''dakṣiṇamārga'' is translated as "right-hand path". An alternate etymology is that it is possible that the first word of the expression ''vāmācāra'' is not ''vāma'' or 'left', but ''vāmā'' or 'woman'. N. N. Bhattacharyya notes that a main feature of the tantras is respect for the status of women as a representation of Adi Shakti, and that if this was the original conception underlying ''vāmācāra'', the opposing term ''dakṣiṇācara'' may have been a later development.

An alternate term ''vāmamārga'' ("left path") is also used. In this compound the ambiguity between ''vāma'' and ''vāmā'' is not present because the final ''-a'' is clearly short.

In the ''Brahma Yamala''

The ''Brahma Yamala'', a right-handed Vaishnava tantric text, says there are three currents of tradition: ''dakshina'', ''vama'', and ''madhyama''. These are characterized by the predominance of each of the three '' gunas'': ''sattva'', ''rajas'', and '' tamas''. According to this text, '' dakshina'' is characterized by ''sattva'', and is pure; ''madhyama'', characterized by ''raja''s, is mixed; and ''vama'', characterized by ''tamas'', is impure. The tantras of each class follow a particular line of spiritual practice.

Practices

''Vamachara'' is particularly associated with the ''panchamakara'' or "Five Ms", also known as the '' panchatattva''. In literal terms they are: ''madya'' ('wine'), ''mamsa'' ('meat'), ''matsya'' ('fish'), ''mudra'' ('grain'), and '' maithuna'' ('sexual intercourse'). Mudra usually means ritual gestures, but as part of the five Ms it is parched grain.

''Vamachara'' traditions place strict ritual limits on the use of these literal forms and warn against nonsanctioned use. If so used they encourage the person to sin.''Tripurā Upaniṣadbhāsya'', v. 15. Practitioners of vamachara rituals may make symbolic substitutions for these literal things, which are not permitted in orthodox Hindu practice. The fact that tantric practices can be done without involvement with the literal ''panchamakara'' is emphasized by Swami Madhavananda, and said to have been practiced by numerous saints.

Aghori

Barrett discusses the charnel ground ''sadhana'' of the Aghorī practitioners in both its left and right-handed proclivities and identifies it as principally cutting through attachments and aversion in order to foreground inner primordiality, a perspective influenced by a view by culture or domestication:

The gurus and disciples of Aghor believe their state to be primordial and universal. They believe that all human beings are natural-born Aghori. Hari Baba has said on several occasions that human babies of all societies are without discrimination, that they will play as much in their own filth as with the toys around them. Children become progressively discriminating as they grow older and learn the culturally specific attachments and aversions of their parents. Children become increasingly aware of their mortality as they bump their heads and fall to the ground. They come to fear their mortality and then palliate this fear by finding ways to deny it altogether. In this sense, Aghor ''sādhanā'' is a process of unlearning deeply internalized cultural models. When this ''sādhanā'' takes the form of ''shmashān sādhanā'', the Aghori faces death as a very young child, simultaneously meditating on the totality of life at its two extremes. This ideal example serves as a prototype for other Aghor practices, both left and right, in ritual and in daily life.

See also

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References

Citations

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*{{cite web , first=Kaal Ugranand , last=Saraswati , year=2010 , website=Kapalika.com , url=http://www.kapalika.com/qanda.html#4 , title=Questions & Answers , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134552/http://www.kapalika.com/qanda.html#4 , archive-date=July 13, 2011

Hindu philosophical concepts
Hindu tantra
Left-Hand Path
Tantric practices