Vukolaj Radonjić
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Vukolaj Radonjić ( sr-cyr, Вуколај Радоњић, 1765 – 29 May 1832) was the last Montenegrin ''
guvernadur The title of guvernadur ("governor", Ital. ''governatore'') was used by the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, initially as the diplomatic office between Montenegro and the Republic of Venice, and later evolved into the counterpart to the Metropol ...
''.


Biography

His training was completed in the noble Academy in
Shklow Shklow is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus, located north of Mogilev on the Dnieper, Dnieper River. It serves as the administrative center of Shklow District. It has a Train station, railway station on the line between Orsha and Mogilev. In 20 ...
(
Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...
) in 1778, where he gained the title of kavalijer (Knight), and received the
Order of Saint Anna The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, on 14 February 1735, in hono ...
. He married Stana Vukova Petrovic (Njeguši), about 1775. Still at the time of his father's, Jovan Radonjić term Vukolaj Radonjić served as acting guvernadur between 1798 and 1799, and as guvernadur was a member of the Montenegrin National Assembly, just like his paternal parallel cousin, clergyman, Stanko Radonjić. He was a nahija (district) judge from 1799 and was formally elected guvernadur on 15 May 1804, by the People Assembly, two years after the death of his father. On 29 October 1813 Vukolaj Radonjić along with
Petar I Petrović-Njegoš Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (; 1748 – 31 October 1830) was the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro from 1784 to 1830 and Exarch (legate) of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. He was the most popular spiritual and military leader from the Petro ...
and leaders of other districts signed the Agreement on the Declaration of union between Montenegro and Boka in
Dobrota Dobrota ( Montenegrin and Serbian: Доброта) is a town in the municipality of Kotor, Montenegro. Although administratively a separate settlement, it is ''de facto'' a part of Kotor as it encompasses most of Kotor's residential area, whi ...
in the name of the whole of Montenegro and the Highlands (Brda). Vukolaj commanded a group of 3,000 soldiers in the Battle at the Fortress of Trinity (Kotor), which expelled
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
's soldiers. He and his brother, Marko Radonjic, were charged with a variety of offenses, and Bishop Peter II Njegoš had returned General Montenegrin seal (which belonged to his grandfather the first Montenegrin guvernadur Stanislav Radonjic, and then his father guvernadur Jovan Radonjic). On 16 January 1832, they were brought to court and convicted to chains and imprisonment in the cave of the monastery in
Cetinje Cetinje ( cnr-Cyrl, Цетиње, ) is a List of cities and towns in Montenegro, town in Montenegro. It is the former royal capital ( cnr-Latn-Cyrl, prijestonica, приjестоница, separator=" / ") of Montenegro and is the location of sev ...
. The cave was later called Guvernadurica, because Vukolaj was the first political prisoner in this prison. Later on, until the end of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
the cave was used as a cell for mostly political prisoners. 32 members of Radonjić family were exiled from their family houses to the Austrian territory Kotor. 6 of them were immediately killed in their homes, because they did not want to leave. Their property was seized and divided, houses burned and levelled to the ground. Bishop Peter II Njegoš also demanded that the authorities of Kotor force that Radonjići sell their property in Boka, but the Kotor authorities refused to comply. In the prison Vukolaj fell ill and on 20 April 1832 under the escort of gvardija (guard) was taken to
Kotor Kotor (Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Котор, ), historically known as Cattaro (from Italian language, Italian: ), is a town in Coastal Montenegro, Coastal region of Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Bay of Kotor. The city has ...
. He died in Kotor hospital in the night from 29 to 30 May 1832 suffering from the effects of bondage during his imprisonment in Guvernadurica.


''The Last Montenegrin Guvernadur''

A portrait of "The Last Montenegrin Gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic" -
oil on canvas Oil painting is a painting method involving the procedure of painting with pigments combined with a drying oil as the binder. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on canvas, wood panel, or copper for several centuries. ...
25 cm x 30 cm, painter Adam Stefanovic - from the private collection of J. Vujic, the
National Museum A national museum can be a museum maintained and funded by a national government. In many countries it denotes a museum run by the central government, while other museums are run by regional or local governments. In the United States, most nati ...
in
Belgrade Belgrade is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin, Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. T ...
(''illustrated above'').


Interests

*L. K. Viala De Somier, a French colonel, commander of
Herceg Novi Herceg Novi (Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Херцег Нови, ) is a town in Coastal Montenegro, Coastal region of Montenegro located at the Western entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the foot of Mount Orjen. It is the administrative center of ...
,
Kotor Kotor (Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Котор, ), historically known as Cattaro (from Italian language, Italian: ), is a town in Coastal Montenegro, Coastal region of Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Bay of Kotor. The city has ...
Governor and Head of General Staff other divisions Illyrian army in
Dubrovnik Dubrovnik, historically known as Ragusa, is a city in southern Dalmatia, Croatia, by the Adriatic Sea. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean, a Port, seaport and the centre of the Dubrovni ...
, visited Montenegro 1810.godine and gubernadur Vukolaj Radonjic to Njegusi and as he says: "vernacular residence and center of temporal power in Montenegro," For the first twenty steps from the house to meet me came gubernadur accompanied two priests and the elders of the people under sixty weapons .After first common compliments, gubernadur is my left hand laid on his right shoulder, and his right hand on my left shoulder and said: "I will be very happy you are my friend, because you did not come with bad intentions. now we're sweet with that which you are encouraged to come in our country. All the stars of heaven will be put out before you forget. " Shot from guns, ringing tones, clicking people, caused enthusiasm ... With all the sense: God!
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
Soldat!... *French described guvernadur, with which he met in his home on Njeguši, as a man who "comes from a very old family, which is the honor" because of the extraordinary courage deserves the love of the fatherland. "In guvernadur, imposing man of pleasant appearance, generosity is coupled with the subtlety and the impression of deep sincerity. Expressing his casually, judiciously, but not flamboyantly. Its refinement contradict the harsh simplicity of nature and other people, and the tendency of "kind words" to show "fairness and sophistication of his observations, probably a consequence of the fact that" he traveled far Northern and Eastern Europe. (P.36). Guvernadur was awarded the Russian Order of St. George. And St. Anne of the second row, whose cross "indescribable perfection, decorated with precious, very brilliant stones." (P.34). The "precious gift of a great monarch," notes Somier, "fits nicely" to guvernadur. However, he continues, "is very strange to see dressed in costumes Spain ruler of a people who wear very different clothes." Guvernadur Vuko Radonjic Otherwise, the lives of personal income, which consist in the possession of land, large flock, and, in part, income from fishing. (P.36-37). In addition, Somier said: "We should not think that this ruler more luxurious lives in the palace, to have a watch and a great house. None of that is that it need people Posted: he manage their fairness and holding that every price. No difference between this simple "Governance and the rule of large emperors. Guvernadur is, according to the French, educated man, who lives modestly and thinner, managed wisely and reputation gains - virtue ("fairness and holding that any price"). Such is its wider family: "Guvernadur's brothers do not have any characteristic that make them stand out from the rest of the world. There are six, are all heroes in the most important event the left to the people fear and respect".From book Viala de Somier, "Historical and political trip in Montenegro", CID,
Podgorica Podgorica ( cnr-Cyrl, Подгорица; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Montenegro, largest city of Montenegro. The city is just north of Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on the Adriatic Sea. Histor ...


Annotations

His given name is also spelled Vukale (Вукале Радоњић).


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radonjic, Vukolaj 1765 births 1832 deaths Monarchs of Montenegro Vukolaj 19th century in Montenegro