A vilayet (, "

province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

"), also known by various other names, was a first-order

administrative division Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divi ...

of the later

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

. It was introduced in the

Vilayet Law The 1864 Vilayet Law (, , ), also known as the Provincial Reform Law, was introduced during the Tanzimat era of the late Ottoman Empire. This era of administration was marked by reform movements, with provincial movements led largely by Midhat P ...

of 21 January 1867, part of the

Tanzimat The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pash ...

reform movement initiated by the

Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 The Imperial Reform Edict (, ''Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu''; Modern ) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. The decree from Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I promised equality in education, go ...

. The Danube Vilayet had been specially formed in 1864 as an experiment under the leading reformer

Midhat Pasha Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (; 1822 – 26 April 1883) was an Ottoman politician, reformist, and statesman. He was the author of the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire. Midhat was born in Istanbul and educated from a private . In July 1872, he ...

. The Vilayet Law expanded its use, but it was not until 1884 that it was applied to all of the empire's provinces. Writing for the ''

Encyclopaedia Britannica An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into article (publishing), articles or entries that are arranged Alp ...

'' in 1911, Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard claimed that the reform had intended to provide the provinces with greater amounts of local self-government but in fact had the effect of centralizing more power with the

sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

and local Muslims at the expense of other communities.

Names

The

Ottoman Turkish Ottoman Turkish (, ; ) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. ...

''vilayet'' () was a

loanword A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term t ...

borrowed from

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

''wilāya'' (), an abstract noun formed from the

verb A verb is a word that generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual description of English, the basic f ...

''waliya'' (, "to administer"). In Arabic, it had meant "province", "region", or "administration" as general ideas, but following the Tanzimat reforms the Ottoman term formalized it in reference to specific areas in a defined hierarchy. It was borrowed into

Albanian Albanian may refer to: *Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular: **Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans **Albanian language **Albanian culture **Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...

, Bulgarian ''vilaet'' (),

Judaeo-Spanish Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym , Hebrew script: ), also known as Ladino or Judezmo or Spaniolit, is a Romance language derived from Castilian Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading ...

, and

French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

and , which was used as a

lingua franca A lingua franca (; ; for plurals see ), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language or language of wider communication (LWC), is a Natural language, language systematically used to make co ...

among the educated

Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

and

Christians A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the world. The words '' Christ'' and ''C ...

. It was also translated into

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...

as ''gawaŕ'' (), Bulgarian as ''oblast'' (), Judaeo-Spanish as , and

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

as ''eparchía'' () and ''nomarchía'' ().
info page on book
at

Martin Luther University Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and i ...

) // CITED: p. 41-43 (PDF p. 43-45/338). The early

Republic of Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

continued to use the term ''vilayet'' until it renamed them il in the late 1920s.

Organization

The Ottoman Empire had already begun to modernize its administration and regularize its

eyalet Eyalets (, , ), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were the primary administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government was loosely structured. The empire was a ...

s in the 1840s, but the

extended this throughout the empire, regularizing the following hierarchy of administrative units. Each vilayet or province was governed by a vali appointed by the

. Acting as the sultan's representative, he was notionally the supreme head of administration in his province,Birken (1976), p. 2324. subject to various caveats.

Military administration Military administration identifies both the techniques and systems used by military departments, agencies, and armed services involved in managing the armed forces. It describes the processes that take place within military organisations outs ...

was entirely separate, although the vali controlled local police. His council comprised a secretary (''mektupçu''), a

comptroller A comptroller (pronounced either the same as ''controller'' or as ) is a management-level position responsible for supervising the quality of accountancy, accounting and financial reporting of an organization. A financial comptroller is a senior- ...

(''defterdar''), a chief justice (''müfettiş-i hükkâm-ı şeriyye''), and directors of foreign affairs, public works, and agriculture and commerce, each nominated by the respective ministers in Istanbul. The defterdar in particular answered directly to the finance minister rather than the vali. A separate vilayet council was composed of four elected members, comprising two Muslims and two non-Muslims. If the vali fell ill or was absent from the capital, he was variously replaced by the governor of the chief sanjak (''merkez sancak'') near the capital, the ''muavin'', and the defterdar. A similar structure was replicated in the lower hierarchical levels, with executive and advisory councils drawn from the local administrators and—following long-established practice—the heads of the

millets Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe Paniceae. Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics ...

, the various local religious communities.

Sanjaks

Each vilayet was divided into

arrondissement An arrondissement (, , ) is any of various administrative divisions of France, Belgium, Haiti, and certain other Francophone countries, as well as the Netherlands. Europe France The 101 French departments are divided into 342 ''arrondissem ...

s, subprovinces, or

counties A county () is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesL. Brookes (ed.) '' Chambers Dictionary''. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2005. in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoti ...

known as

sanjak A sanjak or sancak (, , "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans also sometimes called the sanjak a liva (, ) from the name's calque in Arabic and Persian. Banners were a common organization of nomad ...

s, livas, or mutasarrifliks. Each sanjak or liva was administered by a

sanjakbey ''Sanjak-bey'', ''sanjaq-bey'' or ''-beg'' () was the title given in the Ottoman Empire to a bey (a high-ranking officer, but usually not a pasha) appointed to the military and administrative command of a district (''sanjak'', in Arabic '' liwa’' ...

mutasarrif Mutasarrif, mutesarrif, mutasarriff, or mutesarriff () was the title used in the Ottoman Empire and places like post-Ottoman Iraq for the governor of an administrative district in place of the usual sanjakbey. The Ottoman rank of mutasarrif was e ...

personally appointed by the sultan and a council (''idare meclisi'') composed of a secretary (''tahrirat müdürü''), comptroller (''muhasebeci''), deputy judge (''naib''), and representatives of the public works board (''nafia'') and the educational system (''maarif'').

Kazas

Each sanjak was divided into cantons or

district A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municip ...

s known as

kaza A kaza (, "judgment" or "jurisdiction") was an administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. It is also discussed in English under the names district, subdistrict, and juridical district. Kazas co ...

s. Each kaza was under a

kaymakam Kaymakam, also known by #Names, many other romanizations, was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire, including acting grand viziers, governors of provincial sanjaks, and administrators of district kazas. The title has been reta ...

and a council composed of a secretary (''tahrirat kâtibi''), comptroller (''mal müdürü''), deputy judge, and representatives of the public works board.

Nahiyes

Each kaza was divided into

parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christianity, Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest#Christianity, priest, often termed a parish pries ...

es or communes known as

nahiye A nāḥiyah ( , plural ''nawāḥī'' ), also nahiyeh, nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns. In Tajikistan, it is a second-level divisi ...

s. Each nahiye was under a müdir appointed by the vali but answerable to the regional kaymakam. He was responsible for local

tax collection A revenue service, revenue agency or taxation authority is a government agency responsible for the intake of government revenue, including taxes and sometimes non-tax revenue. Depending on the jurisdiction, revenue services may be charged with ...

, court sentences, and maintaining the peace.

Kariyes

Each nahiye was divided into wards and villages (''kariye''). Each kariye was under a

muhtar Muhtar also spelled "Mihtar" or "Mitar" is a given name and a surname. Notable persons with that name include: Persons with the given name * Muhtar Kent (born 1952), Turkish American businessman * Ahmet Muhtar Merter (died 1959), Turkish freedom ...

("headman") chosen by its inhabitants and confirmed by the regional kaymakam. He was assisted in his duties by a local "council of elders" (''ihtiyar meclisi'').

List

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, c. 1876

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, circa 1876: * Constantinople Vilayet * Adrianople Vilayet: sanjaks of Adrianople (Edirne), Tekirdağ,

Gelibolu Gelibolu is a town in Çanakkale Province of the Marmara Region, located in Eastern Thrace in the European part of Turkey. It is located on the southern shore of the Gallipoli, peninsula named after it on the Dardanelles strait, away from Lapsek ...

, Filibe, Sliven. * Danube Vilayet: sanjaks of Ruse, Varna, Vidin, Tulcea, Turnovo,

Sofia Sofia is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the Is ...

Niš Niš (; sr-Cyrl, Ниш, ; names of European cities in different languages (M–P)#N, names in other languages), less often spelled in English as Nish, is the list of cities in Serbia, third largest city in Serbia and the administrative cente ...

. *

Bosnia Vilayet The Bosnia Vilayet (Serbo-Croatian: Bosanski vilajet/Vilajet Bosna) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, mostly comprising the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with minor parts of ...

: sanjaks of Bosna-Serai, Zvornik, Banja Luka, Travnik, Bebkèh,

Novi Pazar Novi Pazar ( sr-cyr, Нови Пазар) is a List of cities in Serbia, city located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia. As of the 2022 census, the urban area has 71,462 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 106,720 inha ...

. * Vilayet of Herzegovina: sanjaks of Mostar, Gacko. *

Salonica Vilayet The Vilayet of Salonica () was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire from 1867 to 1913. In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of .

: sanjaks of

Salonica Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...

, Serres, Drama. *

Janina Vilayet The Vilayet of Janina, Yanya or Ioannina () was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1867. In the late 19th century, it reportedly had an area of .

: sanjaks of

Ioannina Ioannina ( ' ), often called Yannena ( ' ) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina (regional unit), Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus (region), Epirus, an Modern regions of Greece, administrative region in northwester ...

, Tirhala,

Ohrid Ohrid ( ) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of ...

Preveze Preveza (, ) is a city in the region of Epirus, northwestern Greece, located on the northern peninsula of the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. It is the capital of the regional unit of Preveza, which is the southern part of the region of Epirus. The ...

Berat Berat (; sq-definite, Berati) is the List of cities and towns in Albania, ninth most populous city of Albania and the seat of Berat County and Berat Municipality. By air, it is north of Gjirokastër, west of Korçë, south of Tirana, and ea ...

. *

Monastir Vilayet The Vilayet of Manastir () was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, created in 1874, dissolved in 1877 and re-established in 1879. The vilayet was occupied during the First Balkan War in 1912 and divided between t ...

: sanjaks of Manastir (now Bitola),

Prizren Prizren ( sq-definite, Prizreni, ; sr-cyr, Призрен) is the second List of cities and towns in Kosovo, most populous city and Municipalities of Kosovo, municipality of Kosovo and seat of the eponymous municipality and District of Prizren, ...

Üsküb Skopje ( , ; ; , sq-definite, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It lies in the northern part of the country, in the Skopje Valley along the Vardar River, and is the political, economic, and cultural center of ...

, Dibra. * Scutari Vilayet: sanjak of Scutari. *

Vilayet of the Archipelago The Vilayet of the Archipelago (, , "Vilayet of the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea") was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire extant from 1867 to 1912–13, including, at its maximum extent, the Ottoman Aegean i ...

: sanjaks of

Rhodes Rhodes (; ) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Administratively, the island forms a separ ...

, Midilli, Sakız, Kos, Cyprus. * Vilayet of Crete: sanjaks of Chania, Rethymno, Candia, Sfakia, Lasithi. *

Vilayet of Hudavendigar A vilayet (, "province"), also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire. It was introduced in the Vilayet Law of 21 January 1867, part of the Tanzimat reform movement initiated by the ...

: sanjaks of Bursa, Izmid, Karasi, Karahisar-i-Sarip, Kütahya. * Vilayet of Aidin: sanjaks of Smyrna (now İzmir), Aydın, Saruhan, Menteşe. * Vilayet of Angora: sanjaks of Angora (now Ankara), Yozgat, Kayseri, Kırşehir. * Vilayet of Konya: sanjaks of Konya, Teke, Hamid, Niğde, Burdur. * Vilayet of Kastamonu: sanjaks of Kastamonu, Boli, Sinop, Çankırı. * Kosovo Vilayet *

Vilayet of Trebizond The Vilayet of Trebizond (; ) was a first-level administrative division (''vilayet'') in the north-eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, corresponding to the area along the eastern Black Sea coastline and the interior highland region of the Ponti ...

: sanjaks of Trebizond (Trabzon), Gümüşhane, Batumi, Canik. * Vilayet of Sivas: sanjaks of Sivas, Amasya, Karahisar-ı Şarki. * Vilayet of Erzurum: sanjaks of Erzurum, Tchaldir, Bayezit, Kars, Mouch, Erzincan, Van. * Vilayet of Diyarbekir: sanjaks of Diyarbakır, Mamuret-ul-Aziz, Mardin, Siirt, Malatya. * Vilayet of Adana: sanjaks of Adana, Kozan, İçel, Paias. * Vilayet of Syria: sanjaks of Damascus, Hama, Beirut, Tripoli, Hauran, Akka, Belka, Kudus-i-Cherif (Jerusalem). * Vilayet of Aleppo: sanjaks of Aleppo, Maraş, Urfa, Zor. * Vilayet of Baghdad: sanjaks of Baghdad, Mosul, Sharazor, Sulaymaniyah, Dialim, Kerbela, Helleh, Amara. * Vilayet of Basra: sanjaks of Basra, Muntafiq, Najd, Hejaz. * Emirate of Mecca: Mecca, Medina. * Vilayet of Yemen: sanjaks of Sana'a, Hudaydah, Asir, Ta'izz. * Vilayet of Tripolitania: sanjaks of Tripoli, Bengazi, Khoms, Djebal gharbiyeh, Fezzan. *

Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1861–1918, ; ) was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the 19th-century Tanzimat reform. After 1861, there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian Mutasarrif (governor), which had be ...

Principality of Samos The Principality of Samos (, ; ; ) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire from 1834 to 1912. The island of Samos had participated in the Greek War of Independence since 1821 and successfully resisted several Turkish and Egyptian a ...

Mount Athos Mount Athos (; ) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece directly on the Aegean Sea. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox monasticism. The mountain and most of the Athos peninsula are governed ...

(part of the

Sanjak of Salonica The Sanjak of Salonica, Selanik (, ), or Thessalonica (, ) was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire. It was named for its capital Salonica, also known by its Turkish name Selanik and its latinized Greek name Thessalonica. It was also known under the ...

)

Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917

Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917:A handbook of Asia Minor
Published 1919 by Naval staff, Intelligence dept. in London. Page 226

Vassals and autonomies

Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia (; ; ) was an autonomous province (''oblast'' in Bulgarian, ''vilayet'' in Turkish) of the Ottoman Empire with a total area of , which was created in 1878 by virtue of the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of Berlin and ''de facto'' ...

(Rumeli-i Şarkî): autonomous province (Vilayet in Turkish) (1878–1885); unified with Bulgaria in 1885 * Sanjak of

Benghazi Benghazi () () is the List of cities in Libya, second-most-populous city in Libya as well as the largest city in Cyrenaica, with an estimated population of 859,000 in 2023. Located on the Gulf of Sidra in the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean, Ben ...

(Bingazi Sancağı): autonomous sanjak. Formerly in the vilayet of Tripoli, but after 1875 dependent directly on the ministry of the interior at Constantinople. * Sanjak of

Biga Biga may refer to: Places * Biga, Çanakkale, a town and district of Çanakkale Province in Turkey * Sanjak of Biga, an Ottoman province * Biga Çayı, a river in Çanakkale Province * Biga Peninsula, a peninsula in Turkey, in the northwest part ...

(Biga Sancağı) (also called Kale-i Sultaniye) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) * Sanjak of

Çatalca Çatalca () is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 1142 km2, making it the largest district in Istanbul Province by area. Its population is 77,468 (2022). It is in Eas ...

(Çatalca Sancağı) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) *

Cyprus Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Situated in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical orientation are overwhelmingly Southeast European. Cyprus is the List of isl ...

(Kıbrıs) (island with special status) (Kıbrıs Adası) *

Khedivate of Egypt The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ') was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short- ...

(Mısır) (autonomous

khedivate The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ') was an autonomous Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire, tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon, Nap ...

, not a vilayet) (Mısır Hidivliği) * Sanjak of Izmit (İzmid Sancağı) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) * Mutasarrifyya/

Sanjak of Jerusalem The Sanjak of Jerusalem (; ) was an Ottoman sanjak that formed part of the Damascus Eyalet for much of its existence.Abu-Manneh (1999), pp3637. It was created in the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire following the 1516–1517 Ottoman–Mamluk ...

(Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı): independent and directly linked to the Minister of the Interior in view of its importance to the three major monotheistic religions.Palestine; A Modern History (1978)
by Adulwahab Al Kayyali. Page 1 *

Sharifate of Mecca The Sharifate of Mecca () or Emirate of Mecca was a state, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca. The Egyptian encyclopedist al-Qalqashandi described it as a Bedouin state, in that being similar to its neighbor and rival in the north the Sharifat ...

(Mekke Şerifliği) (autonomous

sharif Sharīf or Sherif (, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, from the fami ...

ate, not a vilayet) *

(Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı): sanjak or mutessariflik, dependent directly on the Porte. *

(Sisam Beyliği) (island with special status) * Tunis Eyalet (Tunus Eyaleti) (autonomous eyalet, ruled by hereditary beys)

Vilayets in 1927

The early Turkish Republic had 63 vilayet in the

1927 Turkish census The 1927 Turkish census (, ) was held 28 September 1927. The population of Turkey was 13,649,945. The census covered 63 vilâyet, 328 kazâ and 39,901 villages. It was the first census conducted in newly established Republic of Turkey Tu ...

Maps

File:Turkey in Europe and Greece.jpg, Vilayets of Europe in 1870 File:Gray's New Map of the Countries Surrounding the Black Sea Comprising European Turkey, Southern Russia, Asia Minor, Etc. (inset) The Bosphorus and Vicinity. Copyright, 1877, by O.W. Gray & Son.jpg, Vilayets in 1877 File:Turkey in Europe. (with) The Bosporus & Constantinople. (with) Crete or Candia. By Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E. Keith Johnston's General Atlas. Engraved, Printed, and Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh & London.jpg, Vilayets of Europe in 1893 File:Rand, McNally & Co.'s new 14 x 21 map of Turkey in Asia, Asia Minor. Copyright 1895, by Rand, McNally & Co. (Chicago, 1897).jpg, Vilayets of Asia in 1897 File:Turkey in Asia, 1903.jpg, Vilayets of Asia in 1909 File:Turkey in Europe and the Balkans, 1910.jpg, Vilayets of Europe in 1910 File:W. & A.K. Johnston. Asia Minor. 1911.jpg, Vilayets of Asia in 1911

References

External links

Vilayet Law of 1864, official translation to French
pp. 36–45, in Young, George, '' Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman'', Volume 1, 1905.
Vilayet Law of 1867, in French
in '' Législation ottomane'', published by

Gregory Aristarchis Gregory "Ligor" Aristarchis (; ; 1843info page on bookat Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 27 (PDF p. 29)–1914), also known as Aristarchi Bey, was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman diplomat of PhanarioteKuneralp, Sinan. "Ottoman Diplomatic and Con ...

and edited by

Demetrius Nicolaides Demetrius Nicolaides ( ''Dimitrios Nikolaidis''; ; Strauss, ''A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire'', p. 29 (PDF p. 31) – 3 July 1915Balta and Kavak, p56 via ''Google Books''), also known as Nikolaidis Efendi,Balta and Kavak, p41 via ''Goog ...

, Volume 2 {{Authority control Arabic words and phrases * Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire Former types of subdivisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina Types of administrative division

Names

Organization

Sanjaks

Kazas

Nahiyes

Kariyes

List

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, c. 1876

Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917

Vassals and autonomies

Vilayets in 1927

Maps

See also

References

Further reading

External links