Soviet Union Turkestan Military District

The Turkestan Military District (, ''Turkestansky voyenyi okrug (TurkVO)'') was a

military district Military districts (also called military regions) are formations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army) which are responsible for a certain area of territory. They are often more responsible for administrative than operational matters ...

of both the

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army () was the army of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was organized into a standing army and a state militia. The standing army consisted of Regular army, regular troops and ...

and the

Soviet Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republi ...

, with its headquarters at

Tashkent Tashkent (), also known as Toshkent, is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uzbekistan, largest city of Uzbekistan. It is the most populous city in Central Asia, with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1, 2024. I ...

. The District was first created during the 1874 Russian military reform when by order of Minister Dmitry Milyutin the territory of Russia was divided into fourteen military districts. Its first commander was Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, who was also Governor-General of

Russian Turkestan Russian Turkestan () was a colony of the Russian Empire, located in the western portion of the Central Asian region of Turkestan. Administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship, it comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, b ...

at the time.

History

Turkmen Horse Half-Regiment

The Turkmen Horse was a cavalry force forming part of the Imperial Russian Army prior to the Revolution of 1917. Numbering two squadrons in peacetime, it was recruited from the Moslem Tekin tribesmen of the Turkestan Military District. Recruitment was on a voluntary basis with the men providing their own horses and equipment, and the Czarist government paying an allowance and issuing weapons. The Half-Regiment was derived from various Turkmen mounted militias first raised in the 1880s. Its uniform was modeled on tribal dress and included a distinctive striped

kaftan A kaftan or caftan (; , ; , ; ) is a variant of the robe or tunic. Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, ''kaftan'' instead refers to a style of men's long suit ...

and shaggy fleeced hats. With the outbreak of World War I the native Turcoman cavalry recruited from Moslem volunteers was increased to a full division in strength. Following the overthrow of the Czarist regime the Turkmen Horse formed the bodyguard of General Lavr Kornilov.

Central Asian Military District

From 1918 to 1926 the District was referred to as the Turkestan Front as its forces were conducting active operations against the Basmachi Revolt throughout practically all the District's territory. In October 1919, Gleb Bokii was sent by Cheka head

Felix Dzerzhinsky Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (; ; – 20 July 1926), nicknamed Iron Felix (), was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Polish origin. From 1917 until his death in 1926, he led the first two Soviet secret police organizations, the Cheka a ...

to head the operations of the Cheka in the Turkestan Front. By USSR Order No. 304 of June 4, 1926, the Turkestan Front was renamed as the Central Asian Military District (САВО), which included the territories of the Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs and the Kirghiz and Tajik ASSRs. In connection with changes of administrative-territorial division of republics and areas of Central Asia, as of August 1940 the district included the Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republics and their respective autonomous areas.

Turkestan Military District

This designation was re-created on 9 July 1945, after the division of the Central Asian Military District into the Turkestan and

Steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the tropical and subtropica ...

Military Districts. The new Turkestan and Steppe districts were formed from the headquarters of the

1st First most commonly refers to: * First, the ordinal form of the number 1 First or 1st may also refer to: Acronyms * Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, an astronomical survey carried out by the Very Large Array * Far Infrared a ...

and 4th Shock Armies respectively. In September–October 1945 it included the 1st Rifle Corps (Ashkabad), with the 306th, 344th, and 357th Rifle Divisions, and the 119th Rifle Corps (Stalinabad ((

Dushanbe Dushanbe is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Tajikistan. , Dushanbe had a population of 1,564,700, with this population being largely Tajiks, Tajik. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe, and from 1929 to 1961 as St ...

)) with the 201st (Dushanbe), 360th (Termez), and 374th Rifle Divisions (Chardzhou). On 30 October 1945 the 374th Rifle Division left 119th Rifle Corps and was replaced by 306th Rifle Division. However in May 1946 306th Rifle Division was disbanded. In July 1946 the Steppe Military District was dissolved and its responsibilities transferred back to the Turkestan Military District. After a number of changes to 119th Rifle Corps, including 201st RD being reduced in status to a brigade for eight months, in 1950 it comprised the 201st Mountain Rifle Division at Dushanbe and the 376th Mountain Rifle Division at Osh. In June 1955 the corps was renumbered the 33rd Rifle Corps and the divisions renumbered the 27th and 71st Mountain Rifle Divisions. The 71st Motor Rifle Division was then reduced into the 427th Motor Rifle Regiment in 1958. In January 1958 from the abolished South Ural Military District the Turkestan District gained the territories of Aktyubinsk, Guryev and the West-Kazakhstan areas of the Kazakh SSR. In 1957 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division, the former 5th Guards Mechanised Corps that had ended the war in Germany with 4th Tank Army, moved to Kushka in the

Turkmen SSR The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, TuSSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Soviet Central Asia, ...

. In 1960, with the entry into service of the BTR-50, the 427th MRR was reorganized into the 71st Motorized Rifle Division (cadre). In 1962, the 71st Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into the 34th Separate Reinforced Motorized Rifle Battalion (34th Motorized Rifle Battalion), which began to cover the state border with the PRC. In 1968 the now-33rd Army Corps moved from Dushanbe to

Kemerovo Kemerovo ( rus, Ке́мерово, p=ˈkʲemʲɪrəvə) is an industrial types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Iskitimka River, Iskitimka and Tom ...

in the Siberian Military District. The district initially covered most of Soviet Central Asia, but due to tensions between the Soviet Union and China the Tajik SSR, Kyrgyz SSR, and Kazakh SSR, the majority of the district area of responsibility, was split off to recreate the Central Asian Military District (''SAVO''), headquartered at

Alma-Ata Almaty, formerly Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population exceeding two million residents within its metropolitan area. Located in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains in southern Kazakhstan, near the border wi ...

, on 24 June 1969. The Turkestan Military District was left with the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR. The 73rd Air Army was transferred to provide air support for the Central Asian Military District, while the Air Force of the Turkestan Military District was reestablished to provide control of air units stationed in the reduced territory of the district. Shortly afterwards in April 1970, the 1st Army Corps headquarters was relocated from Ashkabad to

Semipalatinsk Semey (; , formerly known as Semipalatinsk ( ) until 2007 and as Alash-Qala ( ) from 1917 to 1920, is a city in eastern Kazakhstan, in the Kazakh part of Siberia. When Abai Region was created in 2022, Semey became its administrative centre. I ...

, where it became part of the Central Asian Military District. The Turkestan Military District was left with the 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Kushka and the 58th Motor Rifle Division at Kyzyl-Arvat in the Turkmen SSR, and the 108th Motor Rifle Division at Termez in the Uzbek SSR for ground combat units. It also included the 61st Training Motor Rifle Division at Ashkabad. To replace the 1st Army Corps which had been moved northeast to Semipalatinsk, the 36th Army Corps was created in Ashkabad. The corps was created in 1982. It comprised two divisions - the 88th (created after the transfer of the 5th Guards MRD to the 40th Army) and the 58th Motor Rifle Division. In the 1980s the District became part of the Southern Strategic Direction alongside the North Caucasus and Transcaucasus Military Districts. General Igor Rodionov commanded the District in 1985-6. Within the District's territory and under its command was the 40th Army, in Afghanistan, the 36th Army Corps, and other forces, totaling one Soviet Airborne Troops airlanding (the 105th Guards Airborne Division at

Fergana Fergana ( uz-Latn-Cyrl, Fargʻona, Фарғона, ), () or Ferghana, also Farghana is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan. Fergana is about 320 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km southwest of A ...

) and 8 motor rifle divisions. Aviation support for the district was provided by the 49th Air Army, and air defence by the 12th Independent Air Defence Army of the Air Defence Forces. The VVS Turkestan Military District, created in 1969, was redesignated the 49th Air Army in 1988, with in 1980 a strength of three fighter and fighter-bomber regiments, a reconnaissance aviation regiment, a mixed aviation squadron, and a communications and automated control regiment. From June 1, 1989, the Central Asian Military District was dissolved and its territory again incorporated into the Turkestan Military District, as part of the unilateral reductions which Soviet leader

Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served a ...

had announced at the United Nations on 7 December 1988. After the withdrawal from Afghanistan the 40th Army was disbanded. But in June 1991 it was reformed at

from 32nd Army. Immediately prior to its dissolution, the 32nd Army consisted of the

78th Tank Division The 78th Tank Division was a division of the Soviet Ground Forces, active from 1965 to the 1990s. It was originally established in 1949 as the 15th Tank Division, from the 78th Heavy Tank Self-Propelled Regiment (the former 78th Tank Brigade). It ...

(Ayaguz); the 5202nd Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment (VKhVT) Semipalatinsk, (prior to 1989 - the

71st Motor Rifle Division The 71st Motor Rifle Division (Military Unit Number 07225) was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army between 1984 and 1989. It was based in Semipalatinsk. Converted to a storage base in 1989, it was taken over by Kazakhstan with the di ...

); the 5203rd VKhVT Ust-Kamenogorsk (prior to 1989, the 155th Motor Rifle Division); and the 5204th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment at Karaganda (prior to 1989 - the 203rd Zaporozhye Khingan Motor Rifle Division). The District was finally dissolved on June 30, 1992 with the demise of the Soviet Union, when its forces were distributed between five newly independent Central Asian countries —

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a European Kazakhstan, small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the Kazakhstan–Russia border, north and west, China to th ...

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains, Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Kyrgyzstan, largest city. Kyrgyz ...

Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ash ...

and

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

. The most powerful grouping went to become the core of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan which acquired all the units of the 40th (the former 32nd) Army and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th Guards Air Assault Brigades, two rocket brigades, 2 artillery regiments and a large amount of equipment which had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the

Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atl ...

. The Museum of history of The Turkestan Military District is on Gorki Avenue in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Commanders

Russian Empire

* Adjutant General, Engineer-General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann; (07.1867 - 04.1882) * Lieutenant General Mikhail Chernyayev; (05.1882 - 02.1884) * Lieutenant General Nikolai Rozenbakh; (02.1884 - 10.1889) * Lieutenant General Baron Alexander Borisovich Vrevsky; (10.1889 - 03.1898) * General of Infantry Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovsky (03.1898 - 01.1901) * General of the cavalry Nikolai Alexandrovich Ivanov; (01.1901 - 05.1904) * General of the cavalry Nikolai Nikolaevich Tevyashev; (06.1904 - 11.1905) * Lieutenant General Dejan Subotić (11.1905 - 08.1906) * General Evgeny Osipovich Matsievsky; (08.1906 - 12.1906) * General of Infantry Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov; (12.1906 - 03.1908) * General of artillery Pavel Mishchenko; (05.1908 - 03.1909) * General of the cavalry Alexander Samsonov; (03.1909 - 07.1914) * General of Infantry Fyodor Vladimirovich Martson; (10.1914 - 07.1916) * infantry general Mikhail Romanovich Erofeev; (07.1916) * Adjutant General, General of Infantry Aleksey Kuropatkin (07.1916 - 02.1917) * Colonel Leonty Nikolaevich Cherkes (03.1917).

Soviet Union

* Ivan Petrov - Army General: July 1945 - July 1952 * Alexei Radzievsky - Lieutenant General: July 1952 - April 1953 * Alexander Luchinsky - Colonel-General, from August 1955 Army General : April 1953 - October 1957 * Ivan Fedyuninsky - Army General : December 1957-December 1965 * Nikolai Lyashchenko - Colonel-General, from February 1968 Army General : December 1965 - June 1969 * Stepan Belonozko - Colonel-General : January 1970 -December 1978 * Yuri Maksimov - Colonel-General, December 1982 Army General : January 1979 -September 1984 * Nikolai Popov - Colonel-General, Army general from February 1988 : September 1984 -January 1989 * Ivan Fuzhenko - Colonel-General : January 1989 -December 1991 * Georgi Kondratyev - Lieutenant General, Colonel-General from 1992 : December 1991 -June 1992.

Composition

In 1988-9, these forces included the: * 40th Army (Kabul,

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

) ** 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division (

Shindand, Herat Shīnḍanḍ (), originally Sabzavār (), is a town and the center of the Shindand District, Herat Province, Afghanistan. It is located at at 1,066 m altitude on the Harut River. The Shindand Air Base is located about 15 miles northeas ...

) ** 103rd Guards Airborne Division (

Bagram Bagram (; Pashto/) is a town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul. It is the site of an ancient city located at the junction of the Ghorband and Panjshir Valley, near t ...

, Afghanistan) ** 108th Motor Rifle Division (

) **

201st Motor Rifle Division The Russian 201st Military Base (; ) is a List of Russian military bases abroad, Russian military base based in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, part of the Central Military District. It was originally raised twice in World War II as part of the Soviet Un ...

(

Kunduz Kunduz (; ; ) is a city in northern Afghanistan and the capital of Kunduz Province. The city has an estimated population of about 268,893 as of 2015, making it about the List of cities in Afghanistan, seventh largest city of Afghanistan, and the ...

) * 36th Army Corps (

Ashkabad Ashgabat (Turkmen language, Turkmen: ''Aşgabat'') is the capital city, capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag, Kopetdag mountain range in Central Asia, approximately 50 km (30 ...

)(formed May 1982) ** 58th Motor Rifle Division ( Kyzyl-Arvat) ** 88th Motor Rifle Division ( Kushka) ** 154th Motor Rifle Division (

)(mobilisation; activated 1972; part division 61st Training Motor Rifle Division) *District Troops **787th Independent Training Motor Rifle Regiment - 720th Training Centre (Shengeldi ( :ru:Ченгельды)), Saryagash District, Kazakh SSR) **353rd Guards Artillery Brigade ( Kattakurgan) **845th Independent Rocket ''Divizion'' ( Kattakurgan) **135th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade ( Mary, Turkmenistan SSR) **2nd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Samarkand) **162nd Independent Military-Transport Helicopter Regiment (

Mil Mi-6 The Mil Mi-6 (NATO reporting name Hook), given the article number ''izdeliye 50'' and company designation V-6, is a Soviet Union, Soviet/Russian heavy transport helicopter that was designed by the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, Mil design bureau. ...

, Mi-8, Mi-24V) ( Kagan, Uzbekistan) **399th Independent Helicopter Regiment ( Chirchik) **230th Engineer-Sapper Brigade (Samarkand) **805th Independent

Spetsnaz SpetsnazThe term is borrowed from rus, спецназ, p=spʲɪtsˈnas; abbreviation for or 'Special Purpose Military Units'; or () are special forces in many post-Soviet states. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spet ...

Company (Fergana) **94th Pontoon-Bridge Regiment (

) **56th Independent Radio-Technical Brigade PVO (Chimkent) ** 4th Guards Motor Rifle Division ( Termez)(

Military Unit Number A Military Unit Number (Russian: войсковая часть, в/ ч; Ukrainian: військова частина, в/ ч) is a numeric alternate designation for military units in the armed forces and internal troops of post-Soviet ...

28345) ***365th and 367th Guards Motor Rifle Regiments; 1213th Motor Rifle Regiment; 304th Guards Tank Regiment; 837th Artillery Regiment; 1168th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment, smaller units ** 61st Training Motor Rifle Division (

) * 12th Independent Air Defence Army (HQ Tashkent) **88th Communications Centre ** 37th Air Defence Corps (

) ***737th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Ayaguz) **15th Air Defence Division (

Samarkand Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central As ...

) *** 9th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (

Andijan Andijan ( ), also spelt Andijon () and formerly romanized as Andizhan ( ), is a city in Uzbekistan. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Andijan Region. Andijan is a district-level city with an area of . Andijan is the most ...

) **17th Air Defence Division ( Mary, Mary Oblast) ***152nd Fighter Aviation Regiment ( Ak-Tepe) (MiG-23M)(Formed 1950) ***179th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment

Notes

References

David Glantz David M. Glantz (born January 11, 1942) is an American military historian known for his books on the Red Army during World War II and as the chief editor of '' The Journal of Slavic Military Studies''. Born in Port Chester, New York, Glantz ...

, Companion to Colossus Reborn, University Press of Kansas, 2005 *William E Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, Yale, 1998 *A.G. Lenskiy & M.M. Tsybin, The Soviet Ground Forces in the last years of the USSR, St Petersburg, B&K, 2001 *