''Turbe Mauzolej'' (), is a turbe (a kind of

Islamic Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

mausoleum A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type o ...

) in

Bihać Bihać is a city and the administrative centre of Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of river Una (Sava), Una in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in th ...

, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which originates from the period of

Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Three decades later, in 1908, Aus ...

and was built to show reverence for the defenders of the city who died in the fight against Austro-Hungarian troops in 1878.

History

By the decision of the

Berlin Congress At the Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878), the major European powers revised the territorial and political terms imposed by the Russian Empire on the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of San Stefano (March 1878), which had ended the Rus ...

, in June 1878,

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

was given the right to annex

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...

. When the Austro-Hungarian army entered, it took several months to quell the resistance, especially of the Muslim population. The fighting under the walls of Bihać began on September 7, and only on September 19 did the defenders surrender the city of Bihać. The fall of Bihać had a discouraging effect on the defenders of other cities in the

Bosanska Krajina Bosanska Krajina ( sr-Cyrl, Босанска Крајина, , ) is a geographical region, a subregion of Bosnia, in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is enclosed by several rivers, namely the Sava (north), Glina (northwest), Vrbanja and Vrba ...

, so they were subdued, mostly without any major resistance, except for

Velika Kladuša Velika Kladuša ( sr-Cyrl, Велика Кладуша, ; literal translation, lit. "Great Kladuša") is a town in the Una-Sana Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the far northwest of Bosnia, located on the border with Croatia. As o ...

and

Pećigrad Pećigrad is a village in the municipality of Cazin, Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, ...

, where the resistance lasted until October 1878. The Turbe mausoleum was built to show reverence for the defenders of the city who died in the fight against the Austro-Hungarian troops. The ''turbe'' was first made of wood, but a church was built on the site of it during 1890, and the Austro-Hungarian government, in order to get approval from the Muslim population of Bihać, built the current ''turbe'' at its own expense. However, some sources state that the ''turbe'' dates from the time of the Ottoman rule. This purely sacral monument was severely damaged during the 1990s war, but it has been repaired and is today a powerful symbol of

Bosniak The Bosniaks (, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia (region), Bosnia, today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and who sha ...

spiritual culture in this region.

Description

The ''turbe'' belongs to the type with an octagonal base covered by a dome. The walls' edges are all equal, 2.60 meters in length. The wall material is a mixture of stone and brick, with the complete external facade made of ''bihacite'' stone, a very soft and light local limestone. The ''turbe'' is divided by a horizontal profiled stone

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative Moulding (decorative), moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, ar ...

that protrudes 35 cm from the wall, on which the lower edge of the window rests. According to the proportions, the zone above the cornice is slightly larger and amounts to 2/3 of the height of the entire building, measured without a dome. The upper part of the dome is built of precisely carved square blocks of bihacite stone laid very regularly, while the lower zone is built of roughly worked stone blocks arranged in four horizontal rows with very pronounced joints. The turbe is vaulted with a dome covered with

galvanized Galvanization ( also spelled galvanisation) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are coated by submerging them in a bath o ...

metal sheets.

Interior

There are two wooden coffins in the ''turbe'', each consisting of a

sarcophagus A sarcophagus (: sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. The word ''sarcophagus'' comes from the Greek language, Greek wikt:σάρξ, σάρξ ...

with a nišan tombstone. There is no inscription on the turbe itself, or on the nišan tombstones, but they are decorated with numerous ornaments in the form of twisted ribbons.

National monument

The historic building "Turbe Mausoleum in Bihać" has been declared a

National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina The National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina include: *sites, places, immovable and movable heritage of historical and cultural importance, as designated by the Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the basis o ...

by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bibliography

Radoslav Lopašić Radoslav Lopašić (1830–1893) was a Croatian historian and member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Lopašić was born on 20 May 1830 in Karlovac, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Cr ...

, ''Bihać i Bihaćka krajina'', ihać and Bihać region Zagreb, 1890. *

Ćiro Truhelka Ćiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian, and art historian who devoted much of his professional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He wrote about prehistory, Roman and ...

, ''Sredovječni spomenici Bosanske Hrvatske'', edieval monuments of Bosnian Croatia "Hrvatsko kolo" XXIII, Zagreb, 1942. *

Branka Raunig Branka Raunig (; 1 January 1935 – 13 June 2008) was a Bosnian archaeologist, Prehistory, prehistorian and Curator, museum curator. Early life Raunig was born in Sarajevo on 1 January 1935. Her early life was spent in Kraljevo. From 1954 to 195 ...

, Fikreta Butić, Branko Bokan, ''Bihać i okolina'', ihać and its surroundings Turističko društvo "Una", Bihać, 1963. * Dr Ekrem Hakki Ayverdi, ''AVRUPA 'DA OSMANLY MIMARI ESERLERI'', II f.3 kitab, Baha Matabaasi, Istanbul, 1981. * Mehmed Mujezinović, ''Islamska epigrafika Bosne i Hercegovine'', slamic epigraphy of Bosnia and Herzegovina knjiga 3, 3. izdanje, biblioteka "Kulturno naslijeđe", Sarajevo – Publishing, str. 61 – 65, 1998. * Nikola Radić, ''Bihać sa starih razglednica'', ihać from old postcards Bihać, 2000. * Abdulah Talundžić, ''Turbe i toranj crkve u Bihaću'', urbe and church tower in Bihać Mostar 2005: Most - časopis za obrazovanje, nauku i kulturu, 193 (104 - nova serija), str. 72.

References

External links

Turbe - Mauzolej u Bihaću
na discoverbihac.ba
Turbe - Mauzolej u Bihaću
na furaj.ba
Znate li kako je nastalo Bihaćko turbe
abc.ba {{DEFAULTSORT:Turbe Mausoleum (Bihać) Buildings and structures in Bihać National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mausoleums in Bosnia and Herzegovina Turbe mausoleums in Bosnia and Herzegovina Islamic mausoleums