HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Tuatha Dé Danann (, meaning "the folk of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in
Irish mythology Irish mythology is the body of myths indigenous to the island of Ireland. It was originally Oral tradition, passed down orally in the Prehistoric Ireland, prehistoric era. In the History of Ireland (795–1169), early medieval era, myths were ...
. Many of them are thought to represent
deities A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over some aspect of the universe and/or life. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines ''deity'' as a God (male deity), god or god ...
of pre-Christian
Gaelic Ireland Gaelic Ireland () was the Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the late Prehistory of Ireland, prehistoric era until the 17th century. It comprised the whole island before Anglo-Norman invasi ...
. The Tuath Dé Danann are often depicted as kings, queens, druids, bards, warriors, heroes, healers and craftsmen who have supernatural powers. They dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans and the human world. They are associated with the ''sídhe'': prominent ancient burial mounds such as Brú na Bóinne, which are entrances to Otherworld realms. Their traditional rivals are the Fomorians (Fomoire), who might represent the destructive powers of nature, and whom the Tuatha Dé Danann defeat in the Battle of Mag Tuired. Prominent members include the Dagda ("the great god"); The Morrígan ("the great queen" or "phantom queen");
Lugh Lugh or Lug (; ) is a figure in Irish mythology. A member of the Tuatha Dé Danann, a group of supernatural beings, Lugh is portrayed as a warrior, a king, a master craftsman and a saviour.Olmsted, Garrett. ''The Gods of the Celts and the I ...
; Nuada; Aengus; Brigid; Manannán; Dian Cecht the healer; and Goibniu the smith, one of the ''Trí Dé Dána'' ("three gods of craft"). Several of the Tuatha Dé Danann are
cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Because language change can have radical effects on both the s ...
with ancient Celtic deities: Lugh with Lugus, Brigit with Brigantia, Nuada with Nodons, Ogma with Ogmios, and Goibniu with Gobannus. Medieval texts about the Tuatha Dé Danann were written by Christians. Sometimes they explained the Tuatha Dé Danann as fallen angels who were neither wholly good nor evil, or ancient people who became highly skilled in magic, but several writers acknowledged that at least some of them had been gods. Some of them have multiple names, but in the tales they often appear to be different characters. Originally, these probably represented different aspects of the same deity, while others were regional names. The Tuatha Dé Danann eventually became the aes sídhe, the ''sídhe''-folk or "fairies" of later folklore.


Name

The
Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (, Ogham, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ; ; or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic languages, Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts. It was used from 600 to 900. The ...
word '' tuath'' (plural ''tuatha'') means "tribe, folk, people"; ''dé'' is the
genitive case In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive ca ...
of ''día'' and, depending on context, can mean "god, gods, goddess" or more broadly "supernatural being, object of worship". In the earliest writings, the mythical race are referred to as the ''Tuath Dé'', "tribe of gods", or ''Tuatha Dé'', "tribes of gods". In the '' Lebor Bretnach'' their name is translated into Latin as ''plebes deorum'', "god-folk". However, Irish monks also began using the term ''Tuath Dé'' to refer to the
Israelites Israelites were a Hebrew language, Hebrew-speaking ethnoreligious group, consisting of tribes that lived in Canaan during the Iron Age. Modern scholarship describes the Israelites as emerging from indigenous Canaanites, Canaanite populations ...
, with the meaning "People of God". Apparently to avoid confusion with the Israelites, writers began to refer to the mythical race as the ''Tuath(a) Dé Danann'' or ''Tuath(a) Dé Donann'' (). This is generally translated "folk of the goddess Danu". It may also have been a way of humanizing them: instead of 'god-folk' they were now the folk of a particular goddess. Early Christian writers also referred to them as the ''fir dé'' (god-men) and ''cenéla dé'' (god-kindreds), again possibly to avoid calling them simply 'gods'. Some of the Tuatha Dé Danann are occasionally called the ''clann Eladan'', "children of art". ''Danann'' is generally believed to be the genitive of a female name, for which the
nominative case In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants ...
is not attested. It has been reconstructed as ''* Danu'', of which '' Anu'' (genitive ''Anann'') may be an alternative form. ''Anu'' is called " mother of the Irish gods" by Cormac mac Cuilennáin. This may be linked to the Welsh mythical figure Dôn. Hindu mythology also has a goddess called Danu, who may be an
Indo-European The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau with additional native branches found in regions such as Sri Lanka, the Maldives, parts of Central Asia (e. ...
parallel. However, this reconstruction is not universally accepted. It has also been suggested that ''Danann'' is a conflation of ''dán'' ("skill, craft") and the goddess name ''Anann''. The name is also found as ''Donann'' and ''Domnann'', which may point to the origin being
proto-Celtic Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly Linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed throu ...
''*don'', meaning "earth" (compare the Old Irish word for earth, ''doman''). Tírechán described the ''sídh'' folk as ''dei terreni'', "earthly gods". The name could be
cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Because language change can have radical effects on both the s ...
with the mythical Fir Domnann and the British Dumnonii.


Description

The Tuatha Dé Danann are described as a supernatural race, much like idealized humans, who are immune from ageing and sickness, and who have powers of magic. The powers most often attributed to the Tuatha Dé Danann are control over the weather and the elements, and the ability to shapeshift themselves and other things. They are also said to control the fertility of the land; the tale ''De Gabáil in t-Sída'' says the first Gaels had to establish friendship with the Tuatha Dé Danann before they could raise crops and herds. They live in the Otherworld, which is described as either a parallel world or a heavenly land beyond the sea or under the earth's surface. Many of them are associated with specific places in the landscape, especially the ''sídh'' mounds; the ancient burial mounds and
passage tomb Passage, The Passage or Le Passage may refer to: Arts and entertainment Films * Passage (2008 film), ''Passage'' (2008 film), a documentary about Arctic explorers * Passage (2009 film), ''Passage'' (2009 film), a short movie about three sisters * ...
s which are entrances to Otherworld realms. The Tuatha Dé Danann can hide themselves with a '' féth fíada'' ('magic mist') and appear to humans only when they wish to. In some tales, such as '' Baile in Scáil'', a king receives affirmation of his legitimacy from one of the Tuatha Dé Danann. In other tales, a king's right to rule is affirmed by an encounter with an otherworldly woman. It has been argued that the inauguration of Irish kings originally represented his ritual marriage to the goddess of the land (see sovereignty goddess). The Tuatha Dé Danann can also bring doom to unrightful kings. The medieval writers who wrote about the Tuatha Dé Danann were Christians. Sometimes they explained the Tuatha Dé Danann as fallen angels; neutral angels who sided neither with God nor Lucifer and were punished by being forced to dwell on the Earth; or humans who had become highly skilled in magic. However, several writers acknowledged that at least some of them had been gods. There is strong evidence that many of the Tuatha Dé Danann represent the gods of Irish paganism. The name itself means "tribe of gods", and the ninth-century ''Scél Tuain meic Cairill'' (Tale of Tuan mac Cairill) speaks of the ''Tuath Dé ocus Andé'', "tribe of gods and un-gods". Goibniu, Credne and Luchta are called the ''trí dé dáno'', "three gods of craft". In '' Sanas Cormaic'' ( Cormac's Glossary), Anu is called "mother of the Irish gods", Nét a "god of war", and Brigit a "goddess of poets" whose father is the Dagda; his own name meaning "the great god". Writing in the seventh century, Tírechán explained the ''sídh'' folk as "earthly gods" (Latin ''dei terreni''), while ''Fiacc's Hymn'' says the Irish adored the ''sídh'' before the coming of Saint Patrick. Goibniu, Dian Cécht the physician, and Flidais the mistress of animals are invoked in incantations, further evidence that they were seen as supernatural powers. Several of the Tuatha Dé Danann are
cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Because language change can have radical effects on both the s ...
with ancient Celtic deities: Lugh with Lugus, Brigit with Brigantia, Nuada with Nodons, and Ogma with Ogmios. Nevertheless, John Carey notes that it is not wholly accurate to describe all of them as gods in the medieval literature itself. He argues that the literary Tuatha Dé Danann are ''
sui generis ( , ) is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique". It denotes an exclusion to the larger system an object is in relation to. Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. ...
'', and suggests "immortals" might be a more neutral term.


Legend

In euhemerized accounts, the Tuatha Dé Danann were descended from Nemed, leader of a previous wave of inhabitants of Ireland. In non-euhemerized accounts they are descended from Danu/ Anu, a mother goddess. They came from four cities to the north of Ireland—Falias, Gorias, Murias and Finias—where they taught their skills in the sciences, including architecture, the arts and magic. According to '' Lebor Gabála Érenn'', they came to Ireland "in dark clouds" and "landed on the mountains of he Conmaicne Rein in
Connacht Connacht or Connaught ( ; or ), is the smallest of the four provinces of Ireland, situated in the west of Ireland. Until the ninth century it consisted of several independent major Gaelic kingdoms (Uí Fiachrach, Uí Briúin, Uí Maine, C ...
a", otherwise Sliabh an Iarainn, "and they brought a darkness over the sun for three days and three nights". They immediately burnt the ships "so that they should not think of retreating to them, and the smoke and the mist that came from the vessels filled the neighbouring land and air. Therefore it was conceived that they had arrived in clouds of mist". A poem in the ''Lebor Gabála Érenn'' says of their arrival:
It is God who suffered them, though He restrained them they landed with horror, with lofty deed, in their cloud of mighty combat of spectres, upon a mountain of Conmaicne of Connacht. Without distinction to discerning Ireland, Without ships, a ruthless course the truth was not known beneath the sky of stars, whether they were of heaven or of earth.
According to Tuan:
From them are the Tuatha Dé and Andé, whose origin the learned do not know, but that it seems likely to them that they came from heaven, on account of their intelligence and for the excellence of their knowledge.
Led by king Nuada, they fought the First Battle of Magh Tuireadh on the west coast, in which they defeated and displaced the native Fir Bolg, who then inhabited Ireland. In the battle, Nuada lost an arm to their champion, Sreng. Since Nuada was no longer "unblemished", he could not continue as king and was replaced by the half- Fomorian
Bres In Irish mythology, Bres (or Bress) was a king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is often referred to by the name Eochaid / Eochu Bres. He was an unpopular king, and favoured his Fomorians, Fomorian kin. Name ''Eochu Bres'' has been translated as " ...
, who turned out to be a tyrant. The physician Dian Cecht replaced Nuada's arm with a working silver one and he was reinstated as king. However, Dian Cecht's son Miach was dissatisfied with the replacement so he recited the spell, "''ault fri halt dí & féith fri féth''" (joint to joint of it and sinew to sinew), which caused flesh to grow over the silver prosthesis over the course of nine days and nights. However, in a fit of jealous rage Dian Cecht slew his own son. Because of Nuada's restoration as the leader,
Bres In Irish mythology, Bres (or Bress) was a king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is often referred to by the name Eochaid / Eochu Bres. He was an unpopular king, and favoured his Fomorians, Fomorian kin. Name ''Eochu Bres'' has been translated as " ...
complained to his family and his father,
Elatha In Irish mythology, Elatha, Elotha, Elier or Elada (modern spelling: Ealadha) was a king of the Fomorians and the father of Bres by Ériu of the Tuatha Dé Danann, as well as Delbaeth, Ogma, Elloth (another name for Lir the father of Manannán ...
, who sent him to seek assistance from Balor, king of the Fomorians. The Tuatha Dé Danann then fought the Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh against the Fomorians. Nuada was killed by the Fomorian king Balor's poisonous eye, but Balor was killed by
Lugh Lugh or Lug (; ) is a figure in Irish mythology. A member of the Tuatha Dé Danann, a group of supernatural beings, Lugh is portrayed as a warrior, a king, a master craftsman and a saviour.Olmsted, Garrett. ''The Gods of the Celts and the I ...
, champion of the Tuatha Dé Danann, who then took over as king. A third battle was fought against a subsequent wave of invaders, the Milesians, from the northwest of the
Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...
(present-day Galicia and Northern
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...
), descendants of Míl Espáine (who are thought to represent the Goidelic Celts). The Milesians encountered three Tuatha Dé Danann goddesses,
Ériu In Irish mythology, Ériu (; ), daughter of Delbáeth and Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was the eponymous matron goddess of Ireland. The English name for Ireland comes from the name Ériu and the Germanic languages, Germanic (Old Norse or ...
, Banba and Fodla, who asked that the island be named after them; Ériu is the origin of the modern name
Éire ( , ) is the Irish language name for "Ireland". Like its English counterpart, the term is used for both the island of Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, the sovereign state that governs 85% of the island's landmass. The latter is distinc ...
, and Banba and Fodla are still sometimes used as poetic names for Ireland. Their three husbands, Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine, were kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann at that time, and asked for a truce of three days, during which the Milesians would lie at anchor nine waves' distance from the shore. The Milesians complied, but the Tuatha Dé Danann created a magical storm in an attempt to drive them away. The Milesian poet Amergin calmed the sea with his verse, then his people landed and defeated the Tuatha Dé Danann at Tailtiu. When Amergin was called upon to divide the land between the Tuatha Dé Danann and his own people, he cleverly allotted the portion above ground to the Milesians and the portion underground to the Tuatha Dé Danann. The Tuatha Dé Danann were led underground into the Sidhe mounds by Manannán mac Lir and Tír na nÓg onto a flowery plain/plain of honey attested to in the Voyage of Bran.


The Four Treasures

The Tuatha Dé Danann brought four magical treasures with them to Ireland, one apiece from their Four Cities: * Dagda's Cauldron * The Spear of Lugh * Lia Fáil (The Stone of Fal) * Claíomh Solais (The Sword of Light)


Tuatha Dé Danann High Kings of Ireland

The following is a chronology from the ''
Annals of the Four Masters The ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland'' () or the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' () are chronicles of Middle Ages, medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Genesis flood narrative, Deluge, dated as 2,242 Anno Mundi, years after crea ...
'', based on reign-lengths given in Geoffrey Keating's ''Forus Feasa ar Erinn''. Nuada's original reign lacks a precise start date. * Nuada (first reign) ''AFM'' unknown–1897 BC; ''FFE'' unknown–1477 BC *
Bres In Irish mythology, Bres (or Bress) was a king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is often referred to by the name Eochaid / Eochu Bres. He was an unpopular king, and favoured his Fomorians, Fomorian kin. Name ''Eochu Bres'' has been translated as " ...
''AFM'' 1897–1890 BC; ''FFE'' 1477–1470 BC * Nuada (final reign) ''AFM'' 1890–1870 BC; ''FFE'' 1470–1447 BC *
Lugh Lugh or Lug (; ) is a figure in Irish mythology. A member of the Tuatha Dé Danann, a group of supernatural beings, Lugh is portrayed as a warrior, a king, a master craftsman and a saviour.Olmsted, Garrett. ''The Gods of the Celts and the I ...
''AFM'' 1870–1830 BC; ''FFE'' 1447–1407 BC * Eochaid Ollathair ''AFM'' 1830–1750 BC; ''FFE'' 1407–1337 BC * Delbáeth ''AFM'' 1750–1740 BC; ''FFE'' 1337–1327 BC * Fiacha ''AFM'' 1740–1730 BC; ''FFE'' 1327–1317 BC * Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine ''AFM'' 1730–1700 BC; ''FFE'' 1317–1287 BC


Additional references

In the Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius, the chief men of science of the ''Tuatha Dé Danann'' are listed with their partly Latin names and associations as follows: * ''Luchtenus'', ''artifex'' ("artisan") * ''Credenus'', ''figulus'' ("shaper/builder") * ''Dianus'', ''medicus'' ("doctor") *''Eadon'', daughter of Dianus and nurse of the poets—presumably Étaín, Brigid, or Airmed * ''Goibnen'', ''faber'' ("smith/architect") * Lug, son of Eithne, with whom were all the arts *
Dagda The Dagda ( , ) is considered the great god of Irish mythology. He is the chief god of the Tuatha Dé Danann, with the Dagda portrayed as a father-figure, king, and druid.Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO ...
the Great, the King * Ogma, brother of the King, from whom came the letters of the Scots In the Annals of Inisfallen, the following are listed as members of the ''Tuatha Dé'' who overcame the Fir Bolg: *
Bres In Irish mythology, Bres (or Bress) was a king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is often referred to by the name Eochaid / Eochu Bres. He was an unpopular king, and favoured his Fomorians, Fomorian kin. Name ''Eochu Bres'' has been translated as " ...
, son of
Elatha In Irish mythology, Elatha, Elotha, Elier or Elada (modern spelling: Ealadha) was a king of the Fomorians and the father of Bres by Ériu of the Tuatha Dé Danann, as well as Delbaeth, Ogma, Elloth (another name for Lir the father of Manannán ...
* Delbaeth, son of Elatha *
Dagda The Dagda ( , ) is considered the great god of Irish mythology. He is the chief god of the Tuatha Dé Danann, with the Dagda portrayed as a father-figure, king, and druid.Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO ...
* Mac ind Óc * Lug son of Ethliu * Dian Cécht * Goibnenn the smith *
Luchtaine In Irish mythology, Luchtaine (or Luchta) was the carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of building ...
the wright * Crédne the craftsman


See also

* Æsir * Anunnaki * Aos Sí * Sliabh an Iarainn *
Twelve Olympians file:Greek - Procession of Twelve Gods and Goddesses - Walters 2340.jpg, upright=1.8, Fragment of a Hellenistic relief sculpture, relief (1st century BC1st century AD) depicting the twelve Olympians carrying their attributes in procession; from ...


References

Notes Bibliography * * * * * * * * * * * * Primary sources * * '' Mesca Ulad''


External links


Article on Tuatha Dé Danann
on Transceltic.com
Tuatha Dé Danann
from the Annals of the Four Masters {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuatha De Danann Fairies Mythological peoples