Trzebiatów
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Trzebiatów (pronounced ; ; ) is a
town A town is a type of a human settlement, generally larger than a village but smaller than a city. The criteria for distinguishing a town vary globally, often depending on factors such as population size, economic character, administrative stat ...
in the
West Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) in northwestern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Szczecin. Its area equals , and in 2021, it was inhabited by 1,682,003 people. It was established on 1 Janua ...
,
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, with 10,119 inhabitants (2016). Trzebiatów is located on the
Rega River The Rega is a river in north-western Poland, flowing into the Baltic Sea. It is the country's 24th longest river, with a total length of 188 km and a catchment area of 2,767 km2.Baltic Baltic may refer to: Peoples and languages *Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian *Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originatin ...
coast. The preserved Old Town of Trzebiatów is registered as a protected historical monument of Poland.


History


Middle Ages

The lower Rega area around
Gryfice Gryfice (pronounced ; )". 1880. is a historic town in Pomerania, north-western Poland, with 16,600 inhabitants (2017). It is the capital of Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The town is situated approximately 22 kilometres from the B ...
and Trzebiatów was the site of a West Slavic Lechitic '' gród'' (fortified settlement) in the 9th century. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under
Mieszko I Mieszko I (; – 25 May 992) was Duchy of Poland (966–1025), Duke of Poland from 960 until his death in 992 and the founder of the first unified History of Poland, Polish state, the Civitas Schinesghe. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was t ...
around 967. It was part of the
Duchy of Pomerania The Duchy of Pomerania (; ; Latin: ''Ducatus Pomeraniae'') was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (''Griffins''). The country existed in the Middle Ages between years 1121–11 ...
, which separated itself from Poland as a result of the
fragmentation of Poland The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of Poland, history of the Polish state. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gall Anonymous in t ...
. The first recorded mention of the town comes from 1170 when the Pomeranian Duke Casimir I granted a few villages and oversight of a church in the town to settlers from
Lund Lund (, ;"Lund"
(US) and
) is a city in the provinces of Sweden, province of Scania, southern Swed ...
in Sweden. In the early 13th century Trzebiatów became the seat of Duchess Anastasia of Greater Poland, who rebuilt the old castle into her residence. In 1224, Anastasia brought
Premonstratensian The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular in the Catholic Chur ...
nuns to the town. In the first half of the 13th century, German settlers invited by the Pomeranian Duke
Barnim I Barnim I the Good ( 1217/1219 – 13 November 1278), from the Griffin dynasty, was a Duke of Pomerania (''ducis Slauorum et Cassubie'') from 1220 until his death. Life Son of Duke Bogislaw II and Miroslava of Pomerelia, he succeeded to the Duc ...
began to settle in the area. In 1277, this settlement received town privileges under the
Lübeck Law The Lübeck law () was the family of codified municipal law developed at Lübeck, which became a free imperial city in 1226 and is located in present-day Schleswig-Holstein. It was the second most prevalent form of municipal law in medieval and e ...
. In 1416, the town became part of the
Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League was a Middle Ages, medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central Europe, Central and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Growing from a few Northern Germany, North German towns in the ...
, then served as an important trade post and developed architecturally, with a typical
Brick Gothic Brick Gothic (, , ) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Baltic region, Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock (though Glacial erratic, ...
-style influence. It had trading connections with major cities such as
Gdańsk Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, Data for territorial unit 2261000. it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdań ...
and
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
.


Modern era

In 1504,
Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Bugenhagen (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called ''Doctor Pomeranus'' by Martin Luther, was a German theologian and Lutheran priest who introduced the Protestant Reformation in the Duchy of Pomerania and Denmark in the 16th ...
moved to the town and became Rector of the local school. On 13 December 1534 a diet was assembled in the town, where the Dukes Barnim XI and
Philip I Philip(p) I may refer to: * Philip I of Macedon (7th century BC) * Philip I Philadelphus (between 124 and 109 BC–83 or 75 BC) * Philip the Arab (c. 204–249), Roman Emperor * Philip I of France (1052–1108) * Philip I (archbishop of Cologne) ( ...
as well as the nobility officially introduced
Lutheranism Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...
to Pomerania, against the vote of Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen, Prince-Bishop of Cammin. In the following month Bugenhagen drafted the new church order (Kirchenordnung), founding the Pomeranian Lutheran church (today's Pomeranian Evangelical Church). As a
dowager A dowager is a widow or widower who holds a title or property – a "dower" – derived from her or his deceased spouse. As an adjective, ''dowager'' usually appears in association with monarchical and aristocratic titles. In popular usage, the n ...
, Sophia of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (1579–1658), widow of
Philip II, Duke of Pomerania Philip II, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (29 July 1573 – 3 February 1618) was from 1606 to 1618 the reigning duke of Pomerania-Stettin and is considered to be among of the most artistic of the Pomeranian dukes. He married Sophia of Schleswig-Holst ...
, lived in Treptow. Sophia's
dower Dower is a provision accorded traditionally by a husband or his family, to a wife for her support should she become widowed. It was settlement (law), settled on the bride (being given into trust instrument, trust) by agreement at the time of t ...
was a former nunnery, which she converted into a palace. While in Swedish service and thereafter
Duke Francis Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg Francis Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg (born: 9 April 1604; died: 26 November 1658) was a Prince of Saxe-Lauenburg Life Francis Henry, was the ninth and youngest son of Duke Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Francis II of Saxe-Lauenburg (1547–161 ...
spent a lot of time with Duchess dowager Sophia in Treptow. Sophia's and Francis Henry's fathers were cousins. On 13 December 1637 Francis Henry and Marie Juliane of Nassau-Siegen (1612–1665) married in Treptow. Their first child was born in Treptow in 1640.N.N.
"VII. Sophie von Schleswig-Holstein, Witwe Herzog Philipps II. von Pommern, auf dem Schlosse in Treptow an der Rega"
in: ''Baltische Studien'' (1832 to date), vol. 1, Gesellschaft für Pommersche Geschichte und Alterthumskunde and Historische Kommission für Pommern (eds.), vol. 1: Stettin: Friedrich Heinrich Morin, 1832, pp. 247–259, here p. 257.
Francis Henry also served Sophia as administrator of the estates pertaining to her dower. During the
Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in History of Europe, European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine ...
, in 1630, the town was besieged by forces of the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...
. In 1637 Bogusław XIII died leaving the Pomeranian ducal house extinct. At this point the duchy came under Swedish occupation with the Brandenburgian electors claiming succession in Pomerania. After the
Thirty Years War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine, or disease, whil ...
the town became part of Brandenburg-Prussia in the
Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (, ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire ...
of 1648. It was part of the province of Pomerania. During the
Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763, was a Great Power conflict fought primarily in Europe, with significant subsidiary campaigns in North America and South Asia. The protagonists were Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and Kingdom of Prus ...
, the town was occupied by
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. In 1750 the local palace was refurbished in classicist style for General Frederick Eugene of Württemberg, who resided there – with interruptions – until 1763. In the late 18th century the Polish
noblewoman A noblewoman is a female member of the nobility. Noblewomen form a disparate group, which has evolved over time. Ennoblement of women has traditionally been a rare occurrence; the majority of noblewomen were linked to the nobility by either their ...
and writer Maria Wirtemberska née Czartoryska resided at the palace, and her early works and translations were created here. The painter Jan Rustem visited her several times, and his paintings were part of the palace's art collection. The palace now houses a State public library, founded in 1946 and named after Maria Wirtemberska née Czartoryska since 1999. In 1806 the town was captured and then occupied by
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. From 1871 to 1945 it former part of the German Reich.


20th century

During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, in February 1945, the German-perpetrated
death march A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war, other captives, or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way. It is distinct from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires tha ...
of Allied prisoners-of-war from the Stalag XX-B
POW camp A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war. There are significant differences among POW camps, internment camps, an ...
passed through the town. Near the end of the war, in February 1945, despite the approaching front, the authorities did not permit the evacuation of the town's population. It was not until March 4 that the order to evacuate was issued, the day after remnants of the army had retreated from the town, leaving the civilian population to fend for itself. Allied Polish and Russian forces then entered the town, and afterwards it became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the
Fall of Communism The revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Th ...
in the 1980s. The town's German population was expelled, and the town was resettled with Poles, in accordance with Potsdam Agreement. Since 1 January 1999, the town has been within West Pomerania Voivodeship, upon its formation from the former Szczecin and Koszalin Voivodeships.


Culture

Trzebiatów's Day of the Buckwheat is a celebration during the first week of August. It is held in memory of the day when the town guard mistakenly dropped a hot bowl of buckwheat meal on invaders from the nearby town of
Gryfice Gryfice (pronounced ; )". 1880. is a historic town in Pomerania, north-western Poland, with 16,600 inhabitants (2017). It is the capital of Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The town is situated approximately 22 kilometres from the B ...
, alarming the whole town and ultimately saving it. Inhabitants of Trzebiatów celebrate that event with dances, concerts, competitions and by eating cereal with ham and bacon.


Notable people

* Johannes Aepinus (1499–1553), theologian and reformer *
Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Bugenhagen (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called ''Doctor Pomeranus'' by Martin Luther, was a German theologian and Lutheran priest who introduced the Protestant Reformation in the Duchy of Pomerania and Denmark in the 16th ...
(1505–1521), Pomeranian reformer, rector at Treptow city school * Maria Wirtemberska (1768–1864), Polish noblewoman, writer and translator *
Johann Gustav Droysen Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen (; ; 6 July 180819 June 1884) was a German historian. His history of Alexander the Great was the first work representing a new school of German historical thought that idealized power held by so-called "great" men. ...
(1808–1884) a German historian * Ferdinand von Arnim (1814–1866) a German architect and watercolour-painter *
Gustav Queck Gustav Adolf Queck (18 March 1822, Zadelsdorf – 1897, Treptow an der Rega) was a German educator and classical philologist. From 1841 to 1845 he studied philology at the University of Jena. Following graduation he worked as a schoolteache ...
(1822–1897) a German educator and classical philologist * Marcus Kalisch (1828–1885), Jewish scholar, a pioneer in the critical study of the Old Testament * Siegfried Sudhaus (1863–1914), German classical philologist * Sławomir Krawczyk (1963), Polish cyclist *
Adam Bodnar Adam Piotr Bodnar (born 6 January 1977) is a Polish lawyer of Ukrainian descent, educator, Human rights activists, human rights activist and politician who currently serves as Minister of Justice (Poland), Minister of Justice. He was the 7th Poli ...
(born 1977), Polish lawyer, educator, human rights activist, 7th
Polish Ombudsman The Commissioner for Human Rights (, RPO) is a Polish ombudsman, an official appointed for a five year term by the Sejm with an approval of the Senate of Poland, Senate (respectively lower and upper houses of Parliament of Poland, Polish legisla ...
,
Minister of Justice A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice, is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
* Bartosz Ława (born 1979), Polish footballer, over 300 pro games


Nobility

*
Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick I (Frederick William Charles, ; 6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816) was the ruler of Württemberg from 1797 to his death. He was the last Duke of Württemberg from 1797 to 1803, then the first and only Elector of Württemberg from ...
(1754–1816), King of Württemberg *
Duke Louis of Württemberg Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they a ...
(1756–1817) second son of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg *
Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg (22 October 1763 – 20 January 1834) was a Habsburg Austrian general during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Early life He was born into the House of Württemberg as the f ...
(1763–1834) the fifth son of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg * Duchess Frederica of Württemberg (1765–1785) daughter of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg * Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg (1767–1790) Archduchess of Austria by marriage to Archduke Francis of Austria.


Twin towns - sister cities

Trzebiatów is twinned with: *
Brwinów Brwinów is a town in Pruszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, about from the centre of Warsaw. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 13,718. Until 1954, Brwinów was the location of the Helenów parish council and between 19 ...
, Poland * Großräschen, Germany * Istebna, Poland * Sjöbo, Sweden * Wandlitz, Germany


See also

* History of education in Trzebiatów * Architecture in Trzebiatów


References

{{Authority control Cities and towns in West Pomeranian Voivodeship Gryfice County Historic Jewish communities in Poland Populated places established in the 9th century Populated riverside places in Poland