
The Théâtre du Palais-Royal (; or Grande Salle du Palais-Royal) on the
rue Saint-Honoré
The Rue Saint-Honoré () is a street in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. It is named after the collegial , situated in ancient times within the cloisters of Saint-Honoré.
The street, on which are located a number of museums and upscal ...
in Paris was a theatre in the east wing of the
Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal () is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre Palace, Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Ca ...
, which opened on 14 January 1641 with a performance of
Jean Desmarets
Jean Desmarets, Sieur de Saint-Sorlin (; 1595 – 28 October 1676) was a French writer and dramatist. He was a founding member, and the first to occupy seat 4 of the Académie française in 1634.
Biography
Born in Paris, Desmarets was introduced ...
' tragicomedy ''Mirame''. The theatre was used by the
troupe of Molière from 1660 to 1673 and as an opera house by the
Académie Royale de Musique
The Paris Opera ( ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be kn ...
from 1673 to 1763, when it was destroyed by fire.
[Coeyman 1998, pp. 60–71.] It was rebuilt and reopened in 1770, but again was destroyed by fire in 1781 and not rebuilt.
[Pitou 1983, pp. 26–30.]
First theatre
Cardinal Richelieu
The Palais-Royal was originally known as the Palais-Cardinal, since it was built in the 1630s as the principal residence of
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), commonly known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a Catholic Church in France, French Catholic prelate and statesman who had an outsized influence in civil and religi ...
. The palace already had a small theatre, the Petite Salle des Comédies, located in the wing running north from the east end of the ''
corps-de-logis
In architecture, a ''corps de logis'' () is the principal or main block, or central building of a mansion, English country house, country or manor house, castle, or palace. It contains the rooms of principal business, the state apartments and th ...
''. On a 1673 plan it is marked "Petite Salle des Ballets". In 1637 Richelieu asked his architect
Jacques Le Mercier to begin work on a larger theatre, located east of the entrance courtyard to the south. The new theatre was built between 1639 and 1640 "at the staggering cost of 300,000 ''
livres
Livre may refer to:
Currency
* French livre, one of a number of obsolete units of currency of France
* Livre tournois, one particular obsolete unit of currency of France
* Livre parisis, another particular obsolete unit of currency of France
* F ...
''—of which 100,000 ''livres'' was allocated to stage machinery."
[Powell 2000, p. 21.]
File:Plan de la salle des Comédies du Pallais Royal -dessin- - Gallica 2012 (color coded).jpg, Detail plan of 1673 showing the Petite Salle in yellow and the Grande Salle in blue
File:Plan général du Palais-Royal 1679 (Opera in blue) - Gourret 1985 p42.jpg, General ground-floor plan of 1679 with the Grande Salle in blue
()
The hall, initially known as the Grande Salle du Palais-Cardinal (Large Hall of the Palais-Cardinal), was one of the earliest theatres in France to use the
proscenium arch
A proscenium (, ) is the virtual vertical plane of space in a theatre, usually surrounded on the top and sides by a physical proscenium arch (whether or not truly "arched") and on the bottom by the stage floor itself, which serves as the frame ...
, seen earlier in Italian theatres, with a solid
stage curtain, raised and lowered by a roller behind the arch. It had two balconies, a capacity of about 3,000 spectators and a stage equipped with the latest in theatre machinery.
The theatre opened on 14 January 1641 with a performance of
Jean Desmarets
Jean Desmarets, Sieur de Saint-Sorlin (; 1595 – 28 October 1676) was a French writer and dramatist. He was a founding member, and the first to occupy seat 4 of the Académie française in 1634.
Biography
Born in Paris, Desmarets was introduced ...
' tragicomedy ''Mirame''.
[ The play had a single perspective set, depicting the Palais Royal d'Heraclée (Royal Palace of ]Heracles
Heracles ( ; ), born Alcaeus (, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (, ''Alkeidēs''), was a Divinity, divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of ZeusApollodorus1.9.16/ref> and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.By his adoptive descent through ...
), used for every scene, thus conforming to ''l'unité de lieu'' (unity of place), one of the Three Unities, which had come under discussion in France during the 1630s. Nevertheless, there were numerous mechanical effects. The ''Gazette de France
(), originally , was the first weekly magazine published in France. It was founded by Théophraste Renaudot and published its first edition on 30 May 1631. It progressively became the mouthpiece of one royalist faction, the Legitimists. Pascal O ...
'' of 19 January described the beauty of the Grande Salle and the "majestic ornaments of this superb stage upon which, with transport difficult to express and which was followed by a universal exclamation of astonishment, appeared delicious gardens with grottoes, statues, fountains, and great terraces above the sea."[Translated and quoted by Scott 1990, p. 87.] The report also describes elaborate lighting effects: "The sky was lit by the moon ... night was imperceptibly succeeded by day, the dawn and the sun."[ The play was followed by a ball in a different setting, "circumscribed by the laws of Poetry."][ "The curtain fell, a golden 'bridge' was rolled out from the stage to the foot of the royal scaffold, and the curtain rose on a great room painted in perspective, gilded and enriched by magnificent ornaments, and lit by sixteen chandeliers. Her Majesty crossed the 'bridge' to the stage followed by ladies and the ball began."
On 7 February 1641, Richelieu produced in the Grande Salle the last of the political ballets of ]King Louis XIII
Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
...
's reign, the '' Ballet de la prosperité des armes de France''. According to Robert M. Isherwood, Richelieu brought the celebrated Italian designer of sets and stage machinery Giacomo Torelli to Paris for the production. The ballet had several sets depicting the fields of Arras, the plain of Casal, the snow covered Alps, as well as a stormy sea and hell and heaven. The sets were changed rapidly via a system of weights and levers.
File:Mirame by Desmarets 1641 1 drop curtain - Gallica.jpg, Proscenium arch with a drop-curtain for Desmarets' ''Mirame'' (1641), engraving by Stefano della Bella
Stefano della Bella (18 May 1610 – 12 July 1664) was an Italian draughtsman and printmaker known for etchings of a great variety of subjects, including military and court scenes, landscapes, and lively genre scenes. He left 1052 prints, and sev ...
File:Mirame by Desmarets 1641 2 Act1 - Gallica.jpg, Perspective set for ''Mirame'', Act 1, engraving by Stefano della Bella
File:Salle du Palais-Cardinal with Richelieu 1641 - Goldfarb 2002 p240 (adjusted).jpg, The royal family and Richelieu at the ballet ''La Prospérité des Armes de la France'', which premiered on 7 February 1641 (grisaille
Grisaille ( or ; , from ''gris'' 'grey') means in general any European painting that is painted in grey.
History
Giotto used grisaille in the lower registers of his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua () and Robert Campin, Jan van Ey ...
by Justus van Egmont)
Gabriel Gilbert's play ''Téléphonte'' was probably produced in the theatre in 1641 and performed by the combined troupes of the Théâtre du Marais and the Hôtel de Bourgogne. Richelieu's last production there was Desmarets' play ''Europe'', a political allegory
As a List of narrative techniques, literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a wikt:narrative, narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a meaning with moral or political signi ...
celebrating Richelieu's career and "the triumph of France over her enemies on the Continent."[Wiley 1960, p. 266.] The play was in rehearsal in the Grande Salle when Richelieu died.[
]
Cardinal Mazarin
Upon Richelieu's death on 4 December 1642, he left the property to Louis XIII, and it became known as the Palais-Royal, although the name Palais-Cardinal sometimes still continued to be used. Louis XIII died a few months later, on 14 May 1643, and despite his will, his widow, Queen Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria (; ; born Ana MarÃa Mauricia; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was Queen of France from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to King Louis XIII. She was also Queen of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown ...
, at the request of her son, the four-year-old King Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monar ...
, became regent
In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...
without restrictions on 18 May. Anne, the king and his younger brother Philippe moved from the Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...
to the Palais-Royal in October, and her first minister, Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Lou ...
, moved there a few months later. Anne was fond of Italian theatre
The theatre of Italy originates from the Middle Ages, with its background dating back to the times of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, in southern Italy, the theatre of the Italic peoples and the theatre of ancient R ...
and music, and Mazarin arranged for Italian actors and singers to come to Paris to perform. The establishment of a resident Italian opera became state policy, and the Palais-Royal became the venue for a number of Italian productions.
The first, on 28 February 1645, was a ''comédie italienne'', which may have been Marco Marazzoli's ''Il Giudizio della Ragione tra la Beltà e l'Affetto'' (1643), although this has been disputed. ''Egisto'' (previously thought to be a version of '' Egisto'' with music by Francesco Cavalli, but now believed to be the 1639 comic opera '' Egisto ovvero Chi soffre speri'', with music by Virgilio Mazzocchi and Marco Marazzoli) was given at the Palais-Royal on 13 February 1646. Luigi Rossi's new opera '' Orfeo'' premiered in the theatre on 2 March 1647, "on the eve of the Fronde
The Fronde () was a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King Louis XIV c ...
, as criticism of Mazarin's fiscal policies was mounting". Giacomo Torelli designed the sets and theatre machinery and remodeled the theatre for the production, Mazarin's enemies considered the costs of the production excessive.[Isherwood 1973, p. 125.] , put them at 400,000 livres, while claimed 500,000, saying "sovereign societies who are tormented and see well by this excessive and superfluous expense, that the needs of the state are not so pressing that one could spare them easily if one wished it."[ These sources may have exaggerated the cost: Mazarin's librarian, Gabriel Naudé stated the expenses only came to 30,000 écus (90,000 livres).][
]
Molière
The troupe of Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ; ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world liter ...
and the Comédie-Italienne
Comédie-Italienne () or Théâtre-Italien () are French names which have been used to refer to Italian-language theatre and opera when performed in France.
The earliest recorded visits by Italian players were ''commedia dell'arte'' companies ...
put on the shows here between 1660 and 1673.[ Molière's most notable plays were performed here, including '' L'École des femmes'' (first performed 26 December 1662), '']Tartuffe
''Tartuffe, or The Impostor, or The Hypocrite'' (; , ), first performed in 1664, is a theatrical comedy (or more specifically, a farce) by Molière. The characters of Tartuffe, Elmire, and Orgon are considered among the greatest classical theat ...
'' (12 May 1664), ''Dom Juan
''Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre'' ("Don Juan or The Feast of Stone") is a five-act 1665 comedy by Molière based upon the Spanish legend of Don Juan, Don Juan Tenorio. The aristocrat Dom Juan is a Rake (stock character), rake who seduces, marri ...
'' (15 February 1665), ''Le Misanthrope
''The Misanthrope, or the Cantankerous Lover'' (; ) is a 17th-century comedy of manners in verse written by Molière. It was first performed on 4 June 1666 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, Paris by the King's Players.
The play satirizes the ...
'' (4 June 1666), '' L'Avare'' (9 September 1668), '' Le Bourgeois gentilhomme'' (23 November 1670), and ''Le malade imaginaire
''The Imaginary Invalid'', ''The Hypochondriac'', or ''The Would-Be Invalid'' ( French title ''Le Malade imaginaire'', ) is a three- act ''comédie-ballet'' by the French playwright Molière with dance sequences and musical interludes ( H.495, H ...
'' (10 February 1673).
Paris Opera
On the death of his old collaborator, Lully ejected Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ; ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world liter ...
's troupe to a new home at the Hôtel de Guénégaud and re-used the theatre as the opera house of the Académie royale de Musique (the name of the Paris Opera
The Paris Opera ( ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be kn ...
at the time). Lully had much building work done on it in order to allow the installation of new stage machinery
Stage machinery, also known as stage mechanics, comprises the mechanical devices used to create special effects in theatrical productions, including scene changes, lowering actors through the stage floor (traps) and enabling actors to 'fly' ove ...
designed by Carlo Vigarani, capable of supporting the imposing sets of the opera
Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...
s he would later put on here. This replaced the old machinery designed by Giacomo Torelli in 1645.[ After Vigarani's modifications the theatre had a total capacity of about 1,270 spectators: a parterre for 600 standing, amphitheatre seating for 120, and boxes with balconies accommodating another 550. The stage was 9.4 meters across and 17 meters deep, with space in front for the orchestra 7.6 meters across and 3 meters deep.
Several of Lully's operas ('' tragédies en musique'') were premiered at the Palais-Royal, including '' Alceste'' (19 January 1674), '' Amadis'' (18 January 1684), and '' Armide'' (15 February 1686). In the 18th century many of ]Rameau
Jean-Philippe Rameau (; ; – ) was a French composer and music theorist. Regarded as one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the 18th century, he replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera a ...
's works were first performed here, including ''Hippolyte et Aricie
('' Hippolytus and Aricia'') was the first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau. It was premiered to great controversy by the Académie Royale de Musique at its theatre in the Palais-Royal in Paris on October 1, 1733. The French libretto, by Abbé ...
'' (1 October 1733), ''Les Indes galantes
is a ''ballet héroïque'', a type of Baroque music#Late baroque music (1680–1750), French Baroque opera-ballet, by Jean-Philippe Rameau with a libretto by Louis Fuzelier. In its final form it comprised an allegory, allegorical prologue and fou ...
'' (23 August 1735), ''Castor et Pollux
''Castor et Pollux'' (''Castor and Pollux'') is an opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 24 October 1737 by the Académie royale de musique at its theatre in the Palais-Royal in Paris. The librettist was Pierre-Joseph-Justin Bernard ...
'' (24 October 1737), '' Dardanus'' (19 November 1739), and '' Zoroastre'' (5 December 1749).[Simeone 2000, p. 181.]
The Opera's first theatre was destroyed by fire on 6 April 1763.
Second theatre
The City of Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
, which was responsible for the opera house, decided to build a new theatre on a site slightly further to the east (where the rue de Valois
The Rue de Valois () is a street in the Palais-Royal quarter in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.
Description
The 377-meter-long-street starts at 202, Rue Saint-Honoré and ends at 1, Rue de Beaujolais. It has a north-south orientation ...
is located today: ). In the meantime the company performed in the Salle des Machines
Salle is the French word for 'hall', 'room' or 'auditorium', as in:
*Salle des Concerts Herz, a former Paris concert hall
*Salle Favart, theatre of the Paris Opéra-Comique
*Salle Le Peletier, former home of the Paris Opéra
*Salle Pleyel, a Paris ...
in the Tuileries Palace
The Tuileries Palace (, ) was a palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the Seine, directly in the west-front of the Louvre Palace. It was the Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henri IV to Napoleon III, until it was b ...
, which was first reduced to a size more suitable for opera by the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Jacques-Germain Soufflot (, 22 July 1713 – 29 August 1780) was a French architect in the international circle that introduced neoclassicism. His most famous work is the Panthéon in Paris, built from 1755 onwards, originally as a church ded ...
. The new theatre in the Palais-Royal was designed by architect Pierre-Louis Moreau Desproux and was the first purpose-built opera house in Paris. It had a capacity of more than 2,000 spectators.
The new theatre opened on 20 January 1770 with a performance of Rameau's '' Zoroastre''. It is especially noteworthy as the theatre where most of the French operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck
Christoph Willibald (Ritter von) Gluck (; ; 2 July 1714 – 15 November 1787) was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period (music), classical period. Born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia, both part of th ...
were first performed, including ''Iphigénie en Aulide
''Iphigénie en Aulide'' (''Iphigeneia in Aulis (ancient Greece), Aulis'') is an opera in three acts by Christoph Willibald Gluck, the first work he wrote for the Paris stage. The libretto was written by François-Louis Gand Le Bland Du Roullet ...
'' (19 April 1774), ''Orphée et Eurydice'' (the French version of '' Orfeo ed Euridice'') (2 August 1774), the revised version of '' Alceste'' (23 April 1776), '' Armide'' (23 September 1777), ''Iphigénie en Tauride
''Iphigénie en Tauride'' (, ''Iphigenia in Tauris'') is a 1779 opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck in four acts. It was his fifth opera for the French stage. The libretto was written by Nicolas-François Guillard.
With ''Iphigénie,'' Gluck too ...
'' (18 May 1779), and '' Echo et Narcisse'' (24 September 1779). Among the many other works premiered here are Piccinni's '' Atys'' (22 February 1780), Grétry's '' Andromaque'' (6 June 1780), Philidor's '' Persée'' (27 October 1780), and Piccinni's ''Iphigénie en Tauride
''Iphigénie en Tauride'' (, ''Iphigenia in Tauris'') is a 1779 opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck in four acts. It was his fifth opera for the French stage. The libretto was written by Nicolas-François Guillard.
With ''Iphigénie,'' Gluck too ...
'' (23 January 1781).[Pitou 1985, pp. 566–567.]
The theatre continued to be used by the Opera until 8 June 1781, when it too was destroyed by fire. The Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, much further to the north on the , was hurriedly built in two months to replace it. In the meantime the opera company performed in the Salle des Menus-Plaisirs on the rue Bergère.
File:Seconde Salle du Palais-Royal - elevation - c1770 - CC Mead 1991 p45.jpg, Facade of Moreau's opera house
File:Salle de l'Opéra de Moreau - transverse section - Dumont 1774 - Blom 1968 reprint.jpg, Transverse section
File:Salle de l'Opéra de Moreau - plan au rez-de-chaussée du parterre - Dumont 1774 - Blom 1968 reprint.jpg, Ground-level floorplan
File:Salle de l'Opéra de Moreau - plan du théâtre et des premieres loges - Dumont 1774 - Blom 1968 reprint.jpg, First-loges level
See also
* Hôtel de Bourgogne (theatre)
Hôtel de Bourgogne () was a theatre, built in 1548 for the first authorized theatre troupe in Paris, the Confrérie de la Passion. It was located on the rue Mauconseil (now the rue Étienne Marcel in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris), on a site ...
* Théâtre du Marais
References
;Notes
;Sources
* Anthony, James R. (1992). "Mazarin, Cardinal Jules", vol. 3, p. 287, in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' is an encyclopedia of opera. It is the largest work on opera in English, and in its printed form, amounts to 5,448 pages in four volumes.
The dictionary was first published in 1992 by Macmillan Reference, L ...
'', 4 volumes, edited by Stanley Sadie
Stanley John Sadie (; 30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was a British musicologist, music critic, and editor. He was editor of the sixth edition of the '' Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (1980), which was published as the first edition ...
. London: Macmillan. .
* Ayers, Andrew (2004). ''The Architecture of Paris''. Stuttgart: Axel Menges. .
* Bjurström, Per (1962). ''Giacomo Torelli and Baroque Stage Design'', 2nd revised edition, translated from the Swedish. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. .
* Clarke, Jan (1998). ''The Guénégaud Theatre in Paris (1673–1680). Volume One: Founding, Design and Production''. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. .
* Coeyman, Barbara (1998). "Opera and Ballet in Seventeenth-Century French Theatres: Case Studies of the Salle des Machines and the Palais Royal Theater" in Radice 1998, pp. 37–71.
* Gady, Alexandre (2005). ''Jacques Lemercier, Architecte et ingénieur du Roi''. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. .
* Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Molière", pp. 397–418 in ''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama'', Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. .
* Goldfarb, Hilliard Todd, editor (2002). ''Richelieu: Art and Power''. Ghent: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon. .
* Isherwood, Robert M. (1973). ''Music in the Service of the King. France in the Seventeenth Century''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. .
* Kleinman, Ruth (1985). ''Anne of Austria, Queen of France''. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. .
* Lancaster, Henry Carrington (1966). ''A History of French Dramatic Literature in the Seventeenth CEntury: Part II: The Period of Corneille (1635–1651)''. New York: Gordian Press. .
* Lawrenson, T. E. (1986). ''The French Stage and Playhouse in the XVIIth Century: A Study in the Advent of the Italian Order'', second edition. New York: Ams Press. .
* Mead, Christopher Curtis (1991). ''Charles Garnier's Paris Opera''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. .
* Naudeix, Laura (2022). "Opera in France c. 1640 – c. 1710", pp. 215–239, in ''The Cambridge Companion to Seventeenth-Century Opera'', edited by Jacqueline Waeber. Cambridge University Press (). Paperback: .
* Nestola, Barbara (2007). "L''Egisto'' fantasma di Cavalli: nuova luce sulla rappresentazione parigina dell ''Egisto ovvero Chi soffre speri'' di Mazzocchi e Marazzoli (1646)", ''Ricercare'', vol. 19, no. 1/2 (2007), pp. 125–126. .
* Pitou, Spire (1983). ''The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Genesis and Glory, 1671–1715''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
* Pitou, Spire (1985). ''The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Rococo and Romantic, 1715-1815''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
* Powell, John S. (2000). ''Music and Theatre in France 1600–1680''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
* Radice, Mark A., editor (1998). ''Opera in Context: Essays on Historical Staging from the Late Renaissance to the Time of Puccini''. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. .
* Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' is an encyclopedia of opera. It is the largest work on opera in English, and in its printed form, amounts to 5,448 pages in four volumes.
The dictionary was first published in 1992 by Macmillan Reference, L ...
'' (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. .
* Scott, Virginia (1990). ''The Commedia dell'Arte in Paris, 1644–1697''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. .
* Simeone, Nigel (2000). ''Paris: a musical gazetteer''. Yale University Press. .
* Wiley, W. L. (1960). ''The Early Public Theatre in France''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. . Greenwood Press reprint (1973): .
External links
*
*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre Du Palais-Royal Rue Saint-Honore
Buildings and structures completed in 1641
Theatres completed in the 1640s
Music venues completed in 1641
Theatres completed in 1770
Music venues completed in 1770
1641 establishments in France
1781 disestablishments in France
Buildings and structures demolished in 1781
17th century in Paris
18th century in Paris
18th-century architecture in France
Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris
Molière
Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal () is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre Palace, Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Ca ...
Palais-Royal Rue Saint-Honore
Cardinal Richelieu
Burned buildings and structures in France