String Quartets

The term string quartet can refer to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinists, a violist, and a cellist.

The string quartet was developed into its present form by composers such as Franz Xaver Richter, and Joseph Haydn, whose works in the 1750s established the ensemble as a group of four more-or-less equal partners. Since Haydn the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form; writing for four instruments with broadly similar characteristics both constrains and tests a composer. String quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert each wrote a number of them. Many Romantic and early-twentieth-century composers composed string quartets, including Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Antonín Dvořák, Leoš Janáček and Claude Debussy. There was a slight lull in string quartet composition later in the 19th century, but it received a resurgence in the 20th century, with the Second Viennese School, Béla Bartók, Dmitri Shostakovich, Milton Babbitt and Elliott Carter producing highly regarded examples of the genre, and it remains an important and refined musical form.

The standard structure for a string quartet as established in the Classical era is four movements, with the first movement in sonata form, allegro, in the tonic key; a slow movement in a related key and a minuet and trio follow; and the fourth movement is often in rondo form or sonata rondo form, in the tonic key.

Some string quartet ensembles play together for many years and become established and promoted as an entity in a similar way to an instrumental soloist or an orchestra.

History and development

The early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of the development of the genre by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn. There had been examples of divertimenti for two solo violins, viola and cello by the Viennese composers Georg Christoph Wagenseil and Ignaz Holzbauer; and there had long been a tradition of performing orchestral works one instrument to a part. The British musicologist David Wyn Jones cites the widespread practice of four players, one to a part, playing works written for string orchestra, such as divertimenti and serenades, there being no separate (fifth) contrabass part in string scoring before the 19th century. Franz Xaver Richter's Op. 5 set of seven intricately contrapuntal string quartets (1757) anticipate Joseph Haydn's sets of the genre.

The origins of the string quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata, in which two solo instruments performed with a continuo section consisting of a bass instrument (such as the cello) and keyboard. A very early example is a four-part sonata for string ensemble by the Italian composer Gregorio Allegri that might be considered an important prototype. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist; and moreover it became common to omit the keyboard part, letting the cello support the bass line alone. Thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled (Sonata for four instruments: two violins, viola, and cello without harpsichord), this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition.

Haydn is responsible for the string quartet in its now accepted form. Although he did not invent the combination of two violins, viola and cello, previous occurrences in chamber music were more likely due to circumstance rather than conscious design, and scholars today such as Roger Hickman argue "the idea that Haydn invented the string quartet and single-handedly advanced the genre is based on only a vague notion of the true history of the eighteenth-century genre.". The string quartet enjoyed no recognized status as an ensemble in the way that two violins with basso continuo – the so-called 'trio sonata' – had for more than a hundred years. Even the composition of Haydn's earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative. During the 1750s, when the young composer was still working mainly as a teacher and violinist in Vienna, he would occasionally be invited to spend time at the nearby castle at Weinzierl of the music-loving Austrian nobleman Karl Joseph Weber, Edler von Fürnberg. There he would play chamber music in an ''ad hoc'' ensemble consisting of Fürnberg's steward, a priest and a local cellist, and when the Baron asked for some new music for the group to play, Haydn's first string quartets were born. It is not clear whether any of these works ended up in the two sets published in the mid-1760s and known as Haydn's Opp.1 and 2 ('Op.0' is a quartet included in some early editions of Op.1, and only rediscovered in the 1930s), but it seems reasonable to assume that they were at least similar in character.

Haydn's early biographer Georg August Griesinger tells the story thus:

The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, and Albrechtsberger (a brother of the celebrated contrapuntist Albrechtsberger) in order to have a little music. Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn, then eighteen years old, took up this proposal, and so originated his first quartet which, immediately it appeared, received such general approval that Haydn took courage to work further in this form.

Haydn went on to write nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op. 1 and Op. 2; one quartet went unpublished, and some of the early "quartets" are actually symphonies missing their wind parts. They have five movements and take the form: fast movement, minuet and trio I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast finale. As Ludwig Finscher notes, they draw stylistically on the Austrian divertimento tradition.

After these early efforts Haydn did not return to the string quartet for several years, but when he did so, it was to make a significant step in the genre's development. The intervening years saw Haydn begin his employment as Kapellmeister to the Esterhazy princes, for whom he was required to compose numerous symphonies and dozens of trios for violin, viola and the curious bass instrument called the baryton (played by Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy himself). The opportunities for experiment which both these genres offered Haydn perhaps helped him in the pursuit of the more advanced quartet style found in the eighteen works published in the early 1770s as Opp.9, 17 and 20. Clearly composed as sets, these quartets feature a four-movement layout having broadly conceived, moderately paced first movements and, in increasing measure, a democratic and conversational interplay of parts, close-knit thematic development, and skilful though often self-effacing use of counterpoint. The convincing realizations of the progressive aims of the Op.20 set of 1772, in particular, makes them the first major peak in the history of the string quartet.

Certainly Haydn's string quartets offered to their own time state-of-the art models to follow for the best part of a decade; the teenage Mozart, in his early quartets, was probably among the composers moved to imitate many of their characteristics, but it is also possible Mozart drew inspiration from works of other 18th-century genres of similar part-writing idiom, such as his more serious Divertimenti (K. 247 and K. 334) or the string quartet works of Franz Xaver Richter, Franz Ignaz von Beecke, whom he knew in person, to write his own mature string quartet works. It is also disputed how much impact Joseph Haydn alone had on Mozart in string ensemble works in general. Euna Na points out by examining works composed by Michael Haydn in 1773 (MH 187, MH 188, MH 189), that in string ensemble works, Mozart shares far more linguistic elements such as chromatic harmony and theatrical gestures with Michael Haydn; "Wolfgang seems to have been influenced earlier and more directly by Michael than by Joseph". Striking examples of linguistic similarity are found in the slow movements of Michael's F major MH 367 and Mozart's C major K. 465, for example. Professor David Wyn Jones states that "in Salzburg, if not throughout his life, Mozart was writing in a lingua franca and many of the features of that language are to be found in Michael Haydn too".. The finale of Mozart's G major K. 387, for instance, points back to that of Michael's MH 287, in which the finale is also a fugato based on a theme of four whole notes, which Mozart copied out the first few bars of and was mistakenly entered into Köchel's original catalog as K. 291. Michael Haydn's authentic works in the string quartet medium consist of the A major (MH 299), the B flat major (MH 316) and most notably, the D major (MH 319).

It is also speculated that Franz Ignaz von Beecke (1733-1803)'s string quartets from (cir.) 1770 and 1780, which display thematic development and interplay of voices to a similar degree as Joseph Haydn's, inspired Mozart's. Especially for example, Beecke's C major quartet from (cir.) 1780 contains a dissonant slow introduction, a feature of Mozart's C major K. 465 (1785) and none of Joseph Haydn's Op. 20 and Op. 33 sets.

Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era. Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert each composed a number of quartets: "Beethoven in particular is credited with developing the genre in an experimental and dynamic fashion, especially in his later series of quartets written in the 1820s up until his death. Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as Richard Wagner and Béla Bartók." Schubert's last musical wish was to hear Beethoven's Quartet in C minor, Op. 131, which he did on 14 November 1828, just five days before his death. Upon listening to an earlier performance of this quartet, Schubert had remarked, "After this, what is left for us to write?" Wagner, when reflecting on Op. 131's first movement, said that it "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music". Of the late quartets, Beethoven cited his own favorite as Op. 131, which he saw as his most perfect single work.

Mendelssohn's six string quartets span the full range of his career, from 1828 to 1847; Schumann's three string quartets were all written in 1842 and dedicated to Mendelssohn, whose quartets Schumann had been studying in preparation, along with those of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Several Romantic-era composers wrote only one quartet, while Antonín Dvořák wrote 14. In the modern era, the string quartet played a key role in the development of Arnold Schoenberg (who was the first to add a soprano in his String Quartet No. 2), Béla Bartók, and Dmitri Shostakovich especially. After the Second World War, some composers, such as Olivier Messiaen questioned the relevance of the string quartet and avoided writing them. However, from the 1960s onwards, many composers have shown a renewed interest in the genre. During his tenure as Master of the Queen's Music, Peter Maxwell Davies produced a set of ten entitled the Naxos Quartets (to a commission from Naxos Records) from 2001 to 2007. Margaret Jones Wiles composed over 50 string quartets. David Matthews has written eleven, and Robin Holloway both five quartets and six "quartettini".

String quartet traditional form

A composition for four players of stringed instruments may be in any form. Quartets written in the classical period usually have four movements with a large-scale structure similar to that of a symphony:

* First movement: Sonata form, Allegro, in the tonic key;
* Second movement: Slow movement, in a related key;
* Third movement: Minuet and Trio or (in later works) Scherzo and trio, in the tonic key;
* Fourth movement: Rondo form or Sonata rondo form, in the tonic key.

The relative positions of the slow movement and minuet are flexible. For example, in Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn, three have a minuet followed by a slow movement and three have the slow movement before the minuet.

Substantial modifications to the typical structure were already present in Beethoven's late quartets, and despite some notable examples to the contrary, composers writing in the twentieth century increasingly abandoned this structure. Bartók's fourth and fifth string quartets, written in the 1930s, are five-movement works, symmetrical around a central movement. Shostakovich's final quartet, written in the 1970s, comprises six slow movements.

Variations of string quartet

Many other chamber groups can be seen as modifications of the string quartet:
* The string quintet is a string quartet augmented by a fifth string instrument. Mozart employed two violas in his string quintets, while Schubert's string quintet utilized two cellos. Boccherini wrote a few quintets with a double bass as the fifth instrument. Most of Boccherini's string quintets are for two violins, viola, and two cellos.
* The string trio has one violin, a viola, and a cello.
* The piano trio has a piano, a violin, and a cello.
* The piano quintet is a string quartet with an added piano.
* The piano quartet is a string quartet with one of the violins replaced by a piano.
* The clarinet quintet is a string quartet with an added clarinet, such as those by Mozart and Brahms.
* The string sextet contains two each of violins, violas, and cellos. Brahms, for example, wrote two string sextets.
Further expansions have also produced works such as the String octet by Mendelssohn, consisting of the equivalent of two string quartets. Notably, Schoenberg included a soprano in the last two movements of his second string quartet, composed in 1908. Adding a voice has since been done by Milhaud, Ginastera, Ferneyhough, Davies, İlhan Mimaroğlu and many others. Another variation on the traditional string quartet is the electric string quartet with players performing on electric instruments.

Notable string quartets

Some of the most notable works for string quartet include:

* Joseph Haydn's 68 string quartets, in particular Op. 20, Op. 33, Op. 76, Op. 64, No. 5 ("The Lark") and the string quartet version of "The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour On the Cross" ( Op. 51)Famous String quartets
, ''SapphireQuartet.co.uk''.
* Luigi Boccherini's 91 string quartets
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 23 string quartets, in particular the set of six dedicated to Haydn, including K. 465 ("Dissonance")
* Ludwig van Beethoven's 16 string quartets, in particular the five "middle" quartets Op. 59 nos 1–3, op. 74 and op. 95 as well as the five late quartets, Op. 127 in E flat major, op. 130 in B flat major, Op. 131 in C sharp minor (in seven movements), Op. 132 in A minor, Op. 135 in F major and the ''Grosse Fuge'' in B-flat major Op. 133, the original final movement of Op. 130.
* Ferdinand Ries's 25 string quartets
* Franz Schubert's String Quartet No. 12 in C minor ("Quartettsatz"), String Quartet No. 13 in A minor ("Rosamunde"), String Quartet No. 14 in D minor ("Death and the Maiden"), and String Quartet No. 15 in G major
* Louis Spohr's 36 string quartets
* Felix Mendelssohn's String Quartet No. 2 (early example of cyclic form)
*Robert Schumann's three string quartets, Op. 41
* Robert Volkmann's six string quartets "enjoyed great popularity until the early 20th century"
* Mihály Mosonyi's six string quartets
* Leó Weiner's three numbered quartets and the two first divertimentos.
* László Lajtha's 10 quartets, especially the no. 10 'Transylvanian Suite' op. 58.
* Johannes Brahms's three string quartets, Op. 51 No. 1 (in C minor), Op. 51 No. 2 (in A minor) and Op. 67 (in B-flat major)
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's three string quartets
* Niels Gade's String Quartet No. 3, Op. 63 (1888)
* Giuseppe Verdi's String Quartet
* Antonín Dvořák's String Quartets Nos. 9–14, particularly String Quartet No. 12 in F major, "American"; also No. 3 is an exceptionally long quartet (lasting 65 minutes)
* Bedřich Smetana's two quartets, especially String Quartet No. 1 in E minor, "From my Life", considered the first piece of chamber programme music
*Max Reger's six string quartets, especially long Quartet No. 3 in D minor, Op. 74, Quartet No. 4 in E-flat major, Op. 109, and the last, Quartet No. 5 in F-sharp minor, Op. 121
* César Franck's String Quartet in D major
* Claude Debussy's String Quartet in G minor, Op. 10 (1893)
* Maurice Ravel's String Quartet, in F major (1903)
* Jean Sibelius's String Quartet in D minor, Op. 56, '' Voces intimae''
* Leoš Janáček's two string quartets, String Quartet No. 1, "Kreutzer Sonata" (1923), inspired by Leo Tolstoy's novel ''The Kreutzer Sonata'', itself named after Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata; and his second string quartet, '' Intimate Letters'' (1928)
* Béla Bartók's six string quartets (1909, 1915–17, 1926, 1927, 1934, 1939)
*Alexander Zemlinsky's Second String Quartet, Op. 15 (1913–15)
* Arnold Schoenberg's four string quartets – No. 1 Op. 7 (1904–05) No. 2 Op. 10 (1907–08, noteworthy for its first ever inclusion of the human voice in a string quartet), No. 3 Op. 30 (1927) and No. 4 Op. 37 (1936)
* Alban Berg's String Quartet, Op. 3 and '' Lyric Suite'', later adapted for string orchestra
* Anton Webern's Five Movements, Op.5 (1909), Six Bagatelles, Op.9 (1913), and Quartet, Op. 28 (1937–38)
* Frank Bridge's Third and Fourth Quartets
* Ruth Crawford Seeger's String Quartet (1931)
* Darius Milhaud's set of eighteen string quartets written from 1912 to 1950, including nos. 14 and 15 op. 291, which can be played simultaneously as a string octet
* Alois Hába's 16 string quartets
* Dmitri Shostakovich's 15 string quartets, in particular the String Quartet No. 8 in C minor, Op. 110 (1960), and No. 15 Op. 144 (1974) in six Adagio movements
*William Alwyn's three published string quartets as well as several unpublished quartets
* Rued Langgard's six string quartets as well as several other works for string quartets
* Elizabeth Maconchy's 13 string quartets
* Robert Simpson's 16 string quartets
* Heitor Villa-Lobos's 17 string quartets, in particular the Fifth ("Popular"), Sixth ("Brazilian"), and Seventeenth String Quartets
* John Cage's '' String Quartet in Four Parts''
* Elliott Carter's five string quartets
* Iannis Xenakis's ''ST/4'' (1962)
* Charles Wuorinen's four string quartets
* Mauricio Kagel's String Quartet (1965–67)
* György Ligeti's Second String Quartet (1968)
* Philip Glass's eight string quartets, as well as Suite from ''Bent'' (1997), ''Dracula'' for string quartet (1998) and ''King Lear'' for string quartet (2019)
* Brian Ferneyhough's six string quartets
* George Crumb's '' Black Angels''
* Henri Dutilleux's '' Ainsi la nuit''
* Silvestre Revueltas' four string quartets
* Morton Feldman's String Quartet No. 2 (1983), exceptionally long quartet (four and a half to over five hours depending on performance, although in some performances the audience is not expected to stay for its entirety)
* Wolfgang Rihm's thirteen numbered string quartets as well as ''Grave'' and ''Quartettstudie''
* Karlheinz Stockhausen's ''Helikopter-Streichquartett'' (1992–93), to be played by the four musicians in four helicoptersKarlheinz Stockhausen,.. "Helikopter-Streichquartett", ''Grand Street'' 14, no. 4 (Spring 1996, "Grand Street 56: Dreams"): 213–25. . Online variant version 999 as
Introduction: HELICOPTER STRING QUARTET (1992/93)
(some omissions, some supplements, different illustrations; archive from 17 November 2014, accessed 11 August 2016).
* Georges Lentz's 372 minute / 24 hour surround-sound digital ''String Quartet(s)'', permanently projected in the Cobar Sound Chapel, with the architecture and environment part of the composition

String quartets (ensembles)

Whereas individual string players often group together to make ad hoc string quartets, others continue to play together for many years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist (e.g. the Takács Quartet), a composer (e.g. the Borodin Quartet) or a location (e.g. the Budapest Quartet). Established quartets may undergo changes in membership whilst retaining their original name.

References

Sources

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* Griffiths, Paul: ''The String Quartet: A History'' (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1983); .
*
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* Rosen, Charles: ''The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven'' (London: Faber & Faber, 1971); (soft covers), (hardback).
* Steinhardt, Arnold: ''Indivisible by Four'' (Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1998); .
*
* Webster, James & Feder, Georg: "Joseph Haydn", article in: ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (London & New York: Macmillan, 2001). Published separately as a book: ''The New Grove Haydn'' (New York: Macmillan 2002, ).
*
* The Oxford Companion to Music Percy A. Scholes. Oxford University Press, 1938

Further reading

* Barrett-Ayres, Reginald: ''Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet'' (New York: Schirmer Books, 1974); .
* Blum, David: ''The Art of Quartet Playing: The Guarneri Quartet in Conversation with David Blum'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1986); .
* Eisler, Edith: ''21st-Century String Quartets'' (String Letter Publishing, 2000); .
* Keller, Hans: ''The Great Haydn Quartets. Their Interpretation'' (London: J. M. Dent, 1986); .
* Rounds, David: ''The Four & the One: In Praise of String Quartets'' (Fort Bragg, CA: Lost Coast Press, 1999); .
* Stowell, Robin (ed.): '' The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); .
* Vuibert, Francis: ''Répertoire universel du quatuor à cordes'' (2009
ProQuartet-CEMC
.
* Winter, Robert (ed.): ''The Beethoven Quartet Companion'' (University of California Press, 1996).

External links

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* ttp://www.all-about-beethoven.com/stringquartet.html Beethoven's string quartets
Art of the States: string quartet
works for string quartet by American composers

String Quartet Sound-bites from lesser known composers
E.G. Onslow, Viotti, Rheinberger, Gretchaninov, A.Taneyev, Kiel, Busoni & many more.

European archive
String quartet recordings on copyright free Lp's at the European Archive (for non-American users only).



String quartet compositions and performers since about 1914 and the connections between them

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Chamber music
Types of musical groups