The ''Standschützen'' (singular: ''Standschütze''The German noun ''Standschütze'' is a so-called nominal composition, composed of the nouns ''Stand-'' (en = social position, standing, status) and ''-Schütze'' (en = rifle man). In the Imperial-Royal Austria (e.g. Vorarlberg and Tirol) it referred to members of the ''Schützenstand'' (en = rifle guild) or a ''Schützenverein'' (en = shooting club). ''Standschützen'' were skilled in precision shooting and often volunteered for deployments in a k.k. Standschützen units.) were originally rifle guilds and rifle companies that had been formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, and were involved time and again in military operations within the borders of the Austrian

County of Tyrol The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an Imperial State, estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with th ...

. A ''Standschütze'' was a member of a ''Schützenstand'' ("shooting club"), into which he was enrolled,''enrolliert'' is the Austrian military jargon for "enrolled" (from the

Old French Old French (, , ; ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th

Tyrol Tyrol ( ; historically the Tyrole; ; ) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, f ...

(and

Vorarlberg Vorarlberg ( ; ; , , or ) is the westernmost States of Austria, state () of Austria. It has the second-smallest geographical area after Vienna and, although it also has the second-smallest population, it is the state with the second-highest popu ...

). In effect they were a type of Tyrolean local militia or home guard. Even though the regular army was already stationed in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg, voluntary ''Standschützen'' were often called up, for example in the

War of the First Coalition The War of the First Coalition () was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, initially against the Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI, constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French First Republic, Frenc ...

of 1796–1797, the

revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire The revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire took place from March 1848 to November 1849. Much of the revolutionary activity had a nationalism, nationalist character: the Austrian Empire, ruled from Vienna, included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, ...

, the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 and the

Austro-Prussian War The Austro-Prussian War (German: ''Preußisch-Österreichischer Krieg''), also known by many other names,Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Second War of Unification, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as ("German War"), ''Deutsc ...

of 1866. The highlights of their military involvement, however, were undoubtedly their struggle for freedom under

Andreas Hofer Andreas Hofer (22 November 1767 – 20 February 1810) was a County of Tyrol, Tyrolean innkeeper and Droving, drover who became the leader of the 1809 Tyrolean Rebellion during the War of the Fifth Coalition. He was subsequently captured and exe ...

against their Bavarian and French occupiers, culminating in the Battles of Bergisel, and their mobilization during the First World War. The origins of the ''Standschützen'' are found in the '' Landlibell'', a deed issued by Emperor Maximilian I dating to 1511, and a decree by Archduchess

Claudia de' Medici Claudia de' Medici (4 June 1604 – 25 December 1648) was Regent of the Austrian County of Tyrol during the minority of her son from 1632 until 1646. Biography Early life Born in Florence into the House of Medici, Claudia was the youngest d ...

of 1632, in which each Tyrolean judicial district had an obligation to provide volunteers, capable of acting as fighting men, the number to be determined in each case depending on the threat, in order to form of a ''

Landwehr ''Landwehr'' (), or ''Landeswehr'', is a German language term used in referring to certain national army, armies, or militias found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe. In different context it refers to large-scale, low-strength fo ...

'' for the defence of the state.

Development

In the late 19th century, the hitherto independent militia rifle companies were placed under command of the

military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a d ...

and sponsored and supported as sources of manpower that could be utilized for the territorial defence of the state. The now officially titled ''Standschützen'' were given the opportunity to practise shooting under better conditions than before in order to be prepared to defend their homeland in a crisis. The National Defence Act of 1887 specified that organizations formed for territorial defence were henceforth to be regarded as part of the armed forces, and were to be divided into the ''Standschützen'', supplemented by new firing ranges, and the ''

Landsturm In various European countries, the term Landstorm (, Swedish and , roughly "land assault", ) was historically used to refer to militia or military units composed of conscripts who are not in regular army. It is particularly associated with Pru ...

''. With the enactment of regulations (§ 17) in the National Defence Act for Tyrol and Vorarlberg on 25 May 1913 and the law relating to firing range regulations (same date), the ''Schießstände'' (literally "firing ranges" but referring to the shooting clubs with their enrolled members) and all other entities of a military character (veterans and military societies) became liable for ''

'' service. From this point on, every registered ''Standschütze'' was committed to ''Landsturm'' duty; he was no longer regarded as a volunteer. Only those ''Standschützen'' enlisting after mobilization retained the title of "volunteer". Discharge from the militia was prevented by law from August 1914. From that date, the ''Standschützen'' were regarded as regular troops by the Hague Convention.Ludwig Wiedemayr: ''Weltkriegschauplatz Osttirol. Die Gemeinden an der Karnischen Front im östlichen Pustertal.'' Nearchos, Archäologisch-militärhistorische Forschungen, Vol. 2. Osttiroler Bote Medienunternehmen, Lienz, 2007, . They could only be deployed in their own country and used to defend the country's borders. However, this stipulation was not observed in the last years of the war.

Formation

The formation of a ''Schießstand'' or shooting club could be carried out if there were at least 20 eligible men from one or more neighbouring villages or districts. Every Tyrolese and Vorarlberg male over 17 years of age who was physically and mentally fit to shoot was eligible. It was mandatory for every member to participate in at least four exercises per year and to fire at least 60 shots on each occasion as part of a proper training plan. These shooting clubs had no military importance in peacetime. The ''Standschützen'' had the right to elect their own

officer An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," fro ...

s (which, to many serving officers, was a thorn in the side). The men first elected all the officers, initially to the rank of lieutenant. The officers then elected, from amongst themselves, the captains and the

company commander A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 100–250 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain. Most companies are made up of three to seven platoons, although the exact number may vary by country, unit type, and struc ...

and they, in turn, elected the

major Major most commonly refers to: * Major (rank), a military rank * Academic major, an academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits * People named Major, including given names, surnames, nicknames * Major and minor in musi ...

as battalion commander. The highest rank was major because

was only a ''Standschützen'' major and no one was intended or allowed to be placed above him. The result of the election had to be notified to the military chain of command and confirmed by "His Majesty". Only in the rarest cases, was this rejected, as in the case of ''Standschützen'' officer who had been convicted and demoted years before to six months imprisonment. The officers of the ''Standschützen'' had the same ranks as the regular army and a ''Standschützen'' command was the equivalent of a command in the army, even if it was commanded by an officer of lower rank. The officers of the ''Standschützen'' wore as rank badges the star rosettes of military officers in goldwork on grass-green gorgets in the same pattern as that of the other members of their arm of service. Overall, there were 65,000 riflemen (''Standschützen'') in 444 ''Schießständen'' in

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

East East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...

South South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...

and

Welsch Welsch may refer to: * Georg Hieronymus Welsch (1624–1677), German physician * Gottfried Welsch (1618–1690), German physician * Heinrich Welsch (1888–1976), Saarlandic politician * Henry Welsch (1921–1996), American football and basebal ...

Tyrol.

Garrison and recruiting locations

The following tables show the location of the garrison and recruiting areas for the various ''Standschützen'' units. The abbreviation "k.k." stands for " Imperial-Royal".

Welschtirol

Vorarlberg

First World War

Preparation and mobilization

At the beginning of the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, the three

regiment A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, military service, service, or administrative corps, specialisation. In Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of l ...

s of ''Landesschützen'' were transferred to the Russian front, although, according to the letter of the law, they should only have been used to defend the

. As a result, in Tyrol, the only trained troops available to protect the border with

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

were two fully effective

battalion A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of up to one thousand soldiers. A battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel and subdivided into several Company (military unit), companies, each typically commanded by a Major (rank), ...

s (No. X march battalion of the 59th Infantry (''K.u.k. Salzburgisch-Oberösterreichisches Infanterie-Regiment „Erzherzog Rainer“ Nr. 59'') and the Tyrolean Ist ''Landsturm'' Battalion. A further 19 battalions were only partially effective. The Tyrol defence command soon began to distrust "neutral" Italy. Since the ''Standschützen'', who were liable to call-up, had already been mobilized and were no longer available, the remaining, non-liable ''Standschützen'' were rapidly trained in military skills. These included, for example, disabled or otherwise discharged ''

Kaiserjäger The ''Kaiserjäger'' (officially designated by the Imperial and Royal (''k.u.k.'') military administration as the ''Tiroler Jäger-Regimenter'' or "Tyrolean Rifle Regiments"), were formed in 1895 as four normal infantry regiments within the Comm ...

'' or ''Landesschützen'' riflemen. Training took place in the national costume or shooting jackets; in addition the men had to furnish their own

hunting rifle A rifle is a long-barreled firearm designed for accurate shooting and higher stopping power, with a barrel that has a helical or spiralling pattern of grooves (rifling) cut into the bore wall. In keeping with their focus on accuracy, rifles ar ...

s. Their initial tasks involved guard duties at military installations and on bridges or the like. Since no uniforms were available, black and yellow armbands were made. Training was not easy. In particular, the younger conscripts, who had not yet received any regular military training, but also the elderly, who had not done any military service for decades, gave their leaders headaches. The youngest rifleman was just 14 years old;and ''Standschützen'' under 17 years old were only allowed in to be employed on duties in the rear area. the oldest was over 80.''Das Standschützenwesen''. In: Bezirkslandwirtschaftskammer Lienz: '' Osttiroler Bote.'' Issue dated 29 November 2007, . Because of these deficiencies, many serving officers did not take the ''Standschützen'' seriously for a long time, and often patronized or even insulted them. This was not surprising, because suddenly people were appointed as majors, in an instant, as it were, whereas a normal officer only attained this rank after serving about 15 years. A captain with ten or more years of service suddenly found himself facing a ''Standschützen'' major, who had only been a

lance corporal Lance corporal is a military rank, used by many English-speaking armed forces worldwide, and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations. It is below the rank of corporal. Etymology The presumed origin of the rank of lance corp ...

corporal Corporal is a military rank in use by the armed forces of many countries. It is also a police rank in some police services. The rank is usually the lowest ranking non-commissioned officer. In some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corr ...

when on active military service or who even had no military service at all. This inevitably caused tension. The commander in chief in Tyrol, '' Feldmarschalleutnant'' Dankl, issued an order in November 1915 that insults and improper treatment of ''Standschützen'' officers would be severely punished. In April, the ''Standschützen'' units were inspected for the first time. In the wake of this inspection, the ''Standschützen'' were divided into those capable of service at the front (thus considered field formations) and those of lower capability (deployed on guarding duties or used as replacements). It was expected that Italy would declare war on

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

. For this reason the ''Standschützen'' were mobilized on 18 May 1915. Only a day later, the first formations in South Tyrol advanced to the southern front. Another three days later trains arrived at the new front, having crossed the

Brenner Pass The Brenner Pass ( , shortly ; ) is a mountain pass over the Alps which forms the Austria-Italy border, border between Italy and Austria. It is one of the principal passes of the Alps, major passes of the Eastern Alpine range and has the lowes ...

, carrying North Tyrolese ''Standschützen''. Italy finally declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May.

Welsch Tyrolese ''Standschützen''

The Imperial and Royal leadership of the Army were uneasy about members of the ''Standschützen'' units in

Trentino Trentino (), officially the Autonomous Province of Trento (; ; ), is an Autonomous province#Italy, autonomous province of Italy in the Northern Italy, country's far north. Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the Regions of Italy, region of Tren ...

. Although the ''Schießstände'' had existed for a long time, they were mistrustful of the Italian-speaking Tyrolese and attempted to classify them according to their reliabity. The classification ranged from "fully reliable" to "completely unreliable". Weapons and uniforms were only issued to the Welsch Tyrolese ''Standschützen'' that were absolutely reliable units; even so they were only deployed in combat on a few occasions. In most cases they were assigned to guard duties or used as porters, or were divided into work details.

Equipment

Until the end of March 1915, no military clothing or weapons had even been envisaged for the ''Standschützen'', much less made available or issued. But after it became increasingly evident that Italy would enter the war on the side of the Entente, the formation of ''Standschützen'' units, which had started in the January, began to accelerate. Initially they were issued with whatever uniforms could be found. On 23 May 1915, the two companies of the

Schwaz Schwaz () is a city in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is the administrative center of the Schwaz district. Schwaz is located in the lower Inn valley. Location Schwaz lies in the middle of the Lower Inn Valley at the foot of the Kellerjoch ...

battalion, for example, drew pike gray parade uniforms of the pattern designed for the ''Jägertruppe''. Mannlicher repeating rifles were initially either unavailable or only available in small numbers so, to begin with, the ''Standschützen'' were issued with old, single-shot Werndl rifles or forced to use their own weapons. In May 1915, the North Tyrol and Vorarlberg ''Standschützen'' received 16,000 Model 98 guns from German sources; at that time the South Tyrolean units were still only armed with Mannlicher rifles. The Welsch Tyrolese units kept their Werndl guns; only a few units, assigned to combat missions, were given Model 98s. Schwarzlose machine guns were allocated to individual units when needed and, where they had good relations, like the Bolzano battalion, were even given their own machine gun sections. The ''Standschützen'' had no artillery; only the Schlanders

had a very old 6 inch mountain gun of unknown origin. After some initial difficulties, the ''Standschützen'' were issued with mountain infantry uniform.''Montur'' is the Austrian word for working dress or uniform The sudden effort made to do this stemmed from fears that non-uniformed

combatant Combatant is the legal status of a person entitled to directly participate in hostilities during an armed conflict, and may be intentionally targeted by an adverse party for their participation in the armed conflict. Combatants are not afforded i ...

s might be treated as

guerrilla Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, Partisan (military), partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include Children in the military, recruite ...

s. Nevertheless, significant deficiencies in the quality of equipment remained. For example, instead of sashes (''Riemenzeug''), web belt material (''Webgurtmaterial'') was issued. There were no bread bags or

spade A spade is a tool primarily for digging consisting of a long handle and blade, typically with the blade narrower and flatter than the common shovel. Early spades were made of riven wood or of animal bones (often shoulder blades). After the a ...

s - both were initially fashioned or improvised out of anything possible. As a badge, troops wore the Tyrolean eagle of Tyrolese units on grass green gorgets. The Vorarlberg troops wore the

coat of arms. On the left side of the cap, the

edelweiss ''Leontopodium nivale'', commonly called edelweiss () ( ; or ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is a non-toxic plant. Its leaves and f ...

of the mountain infantry could be attached. The front of the cap itself was specially designed for the additional badge with the slogan "Hands off Tyrol" (''Hände weg von Tirol''). The

celluloid Celluloids are a class of materials produced by mixing nitrocellulose and camphor, often with added dyes and other agents. Once much more common for its use as photographic film before the advent of safer methods, celluloid's common present-day ...

stars of the regular army were used as rank badges for

non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted rank, enlisted leader, petty officer, or in some cases warrant officer, who does not hold a Commission (document), commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority b ...

s and men, instead of the envisaged silver embroidered rosettes. The difficulties of ordering the latter in large quantities meant that they could only be issued to the officers. The rescue equipment of the Alpine huts in the mountains were made to serve as medical facilities. Their equipment and medical stores were emptied out, packed onto wooden frames and assigned to the battalions. Each battalion was given two

medicine Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for patients, managing the Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, ...

and two

bandage A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support for the movement of a part of the body. When used with a dressing, the dressing is applied directly on ...

knapsacks. Units were intended to have standards, but the only ones to receive them were the battalions at Bolzano, Kaltern, Passeier and Merano II. Many of the other units flew their club standards for the swearing-in ceremonies and march off parades.

Deployment

Following the mobilization order issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I on Tue 18 May 1915, 39 German Tyrolese rifle battalions and 2 independent rifle companies, 6 Vorarlberg battalions, 4 Welsch Tyrolese battalions and 41 Welsch Tyrolese rifle companies were formed. On 22 May 1915, one day before Italy declared war, the ''Standschützen'' deployed to protect the frontier in the south and southwest. The only exceptions were the Zillertal and Nauders-Ried battalions, which remained to protect the

main chain of the Alps The main chain of the Alps, also called the Alpine divide is the central line of mountains that forms the drainage divide of the range. Main chains of mountain ranges are traditionally designated in this way, and generally include the highest p ...

, and the Lienz battalion, which was initially deployed to protect the East Tyrolean border south of the River Drau and remained there until September 1915.

Operational theatre and operations

The operational theatre of the ''Standschützen'' covered all five districts of the South Tyrolean front. It stretched from the '' Dreisprachenspitze'' mountain on the Swiss border to the eastern foothills of the

Carnic Alps The Carnic Alps (; ; ; ) are a range of the Southern Limestone Alps in Austria and northeastern Italy. They are within Austrian East Tyrol and Carinthia, and Italian Friuli (Province of Udine) and marginally in Veneto. Etymology They are ...

at the Kreuzberg Saddle. Although the ''Standschützen'' were used almost exclusively to defend the Tyrol against the frequent Italian attacks, they also participated in attacks against Italy. In addition to trench warfare they also conducted patrols and reconnaissance operations. Their other main task was in the construction and repair of defensive works: they built defensive positions, accommodation, caverns and barbed wire barriers, and assisted in repairing damaged fortifications. They were also used to transport supplies, as stretcher bearers and on guard duties. TaBlatt

In the early weeks the ''Standschützen'' were asked to defend the Tyrolean front on their own. Despite that, these weak forces were sufficient to withstand the Italian attacks, as the Italian leadership could not believe that the border stood virtually unprotected. Only later did regular troops and soldiers of the German Alpine Corps, the ''

Kaiserschützen The ''k.k. Landesschützen'' (in English, "imperial-royal country 'or'' provincialriflemen") – from 16 January 1917 ''Kaiserschützen'' ("imperial riflemen") – were three regiments of Austro-Hungarian mountain infantry during the '' kais ...

'' and ''

'' arrive. Unlike many other officers, they recognized the ''Standschützen'' as proper soldiers. The Austrian war strategists described the ''Standschützen'' initially as ''"a disorderly mob with no experience of war."'' However, by their courage, marksmanship and mountaineering skills, the ''Standschützen'' soon acquired respect and esteem.

Summary

There is no doubt that the use of the ''Standschützen'' saved Austria-Hungary at that stage of the war in May 1915. There were only 12,000 regular troops available, which theoretically meant that a man with a rifle could only be stationed every 30 metres. Thus the 23,000 ''Standschützen'' men under arms, at two thirds of the total available strength, formed the backbone of the defensive line. The German Alpine Corps could initially only intervene in a limited way, because Germany was not yet at war with Italy at that time and German troops were not allowed to enter Italian soil. Thanks especially to the excellent local knowledge of the ''Standschützen'', they were often able to intercept Italian patrols and reconnaissance companies and repulse them. In particular, since the correct uniforms had now been issued, the impression was given that they constituted regular forces, which may have influenced the reluctance of the Italian commanders. The moral value of the ''Standschützen'' lay in the fact his property and his family were often not far behind the front and had to be protected. The purely military value of ''Standschützen'' formations was highly variable. The proverbial obstinacy and stubbornness, particularly amongst the miners, often led to indiscipline and high-handedness. For example, ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' Goiginger reported on 12 Jun 1915 to Innsbruck that the Monte Piano ''Standschützen'' ''"had left the battle without authorization."'' However, such incidents were not common and restricted to isolated cases. In order to strengthen military discipline, active duty army officers began to be appointed as commanders to the ''Standschützen''. Furthermore, after the manning situation had eased with the arrival of troops from the Eastern Front, work began to train the ''Standschützen'' and strengthen them militarily. Officers and men were sent off on various training courses in order to learn the latest

tactics Tactic(s) or Tactical may refer to: * Tactic (method), a conceptual action implemented as one or more specific tasks ** Military tactics, the disposition and maneuver of units on a particular sea or battlefield ** Chess tactics In chess, a tac ...

and techniques. At the suggestion of the German Alpine Corps, regular units were inserted into sections of the front that had previously been held by the ''Standschützen'' alone. In this way, a kind of "corset" was formed that further strengthened the combat power available.

Rank badges of the ''Standschützen'' (examples)

Unterjäger der Standschützen von Vorarlberg.png, Zugsführer der Standschützen von Vorarlberg.png, Leutnant der Standschützen von Tirol.png, Oberleutnant der Standschützen von Tirol.png, Hauptmann der Standschützen von Vorarlberg.png, Major der Standschützen von Tirol.png,

Notes

Literature

* ''Jahrbuch der Kaiserschützen, Tiroler Standschützen und Tiroler Landstürmer.'' (published: 1924–1925). Wagner, Innsbruck, . * Rudolf Huchler: . Verlag des Verfassers, Höchst 1927. (Online at ALO). * Fritz Weiser (Red.), Kaiserschützenbund für Österreich (pub.): ''Kaiserschützen, Tiroler-Vorarlberger Landsturm und Standschützen.'' Göth, Vienna, 1933. * Karl Kelz: . Graff’sche Buchdruckerei, Feldkirch, 1934. (Online bei ALO). * Anton von Mörl: ''Standschützen verteidigen Tirol 1915–1918''. Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck, 1958 (''Schlern-Schriften.'' 185, ). * Bernhard Wurzer: ''Tirols Heldenzeit vor 150 Jahren.''--> Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck (u. a.) 1959. * Benedikt Bilgeri: ''Die Landesverteidigung. Zur Erinnerung an den Ausmarsch der Vorarlberger Standschützen vor 50 Jahren.'' Teutsch, Bregenz, 1965. * Oswald Gschließer, Erich Egg: ''Tiroler Standschützen. Vierhundert Jahre Landesverteidigung in Tirol. Ausstellung im Gedenken an den Auszug der Tiroler Standschützen zu Pfingsten 1915, Juni bis September 1965.'' Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, 1965. * Helmut Golowitsch: ''„Und kommt der Feind ins Land herein …“ Schützen verteidigen Tirol und Kärnten. Standschützen und Freiwillige Schützen 1915–1918''. „Buchdienst Südtirol“ Kienesberger, Nürnberg 1985, (''Schriftenreihe zur Zeitgeschichte Tirols.'' 6, ). * Rolando Cembran: ''„Baon Auer“. Die Odyssee des Standschützen-Bataillons „Auer“ No. IX (1915–1918).'' Manfrini, Calliano (Trentino), 1993, . * Heinz Tiefenbrunner, Südtiroler Schützenbund Bezirk Süd-Tiroler Unterland (publ.): ''Standschützen Bataillon Kaltern 1915–1918. Aus dem Kriegstagebuch des Major Johann Nepomuk Baron Di Pauli.'' Verlagsanstalt Athesia, Bolzano, 1996, . * Oswald Kaufmann (Hrsg.): ''Meine Kriegs-Chronik. Mit dem Standschützenbataillon Bezau in Südtirol und Albanien. 1. Weltkrieg, Kriegsgefangenschaft, Wirtschaftskrise und Inflation 1914-1925.'' 2. Auflage. Gesellschaft Vorarlberger Militärmuseum, Bregenz, 1997. Permalink ''Österreichischer Bibliothekenverbund''
* Wolfgang Joly: ''Standschützen. Die Tiroler und Vorarlberger k.k. Standschützen-Formationen im Ersten Weltkrieg. Organisation und Einsatz''. Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck, 1998, (''Schlern-Schriften.'' 303).

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Standschutzen Austro-Hungarian Army