Spanish–Portuguese War (1762–1763)

The Spanish–Portuguese War (1762–1763) was fought as part of the Seven Years' War. The first theatre of the war was an invasion of Portugal by Spain in alliance with France against the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which ended in disaster after three defeated invasion attempts. The second theatre was a Spanish invasion of Portuguese colonies in South America, which ended in stalemate.

Because no major battles were fought, even though there were numerous movements of troops and heavy losses among the Spanish invaders, this theatre of the Seven Years' War is known in Portuguese historiography as the Fantastic War ( Portuguese and Spanish: ''Guerra Fantástica'').

The war ended along with the Seven Years' War in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

Background

When the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain started in 1754, Spain and Portugal remained neutral, their differences in South America having been settled by the Treaty of Madrid of 1750. Ricardo Wall, prime minister to King Ferdinand VI of Spain, was opposed to the pro-French party at court who wanted to enter the war on the side of France.

All this changed when Ferdinand died in 1759 and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Charles III. The more ambitious Charles was motivated to preserve Spain's prestige as a European and colonial power. By 1761 France looked to be losing the war against Great Britain. Fearing a British victory over France, Charles signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of the House of Bourbon) in August, and claimed compensation for attacks by English privateers in Spanish waters. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. Portugal had been weakened by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake, leading Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, to direct all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, in which he had little interest anyhow. A new treaty between Spain and Portugal, the Treaty of El Pardo of 1761, rendered the Treaty of Madrid null and void.

War

Spain agreed with France to attack Portugal, which had been neutral, but served as an important economic ally of Great Britain. France hoped that this new front would draw away British forces, now directed against France.

The third Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal in Europe (main theatre of the war, which absorbed much of the Spanish war effort),"Preparations the Spanish Government made for war after signing the compact with France focused more on Portugal than the colonies. (...)", In Greentree, David â€
''A Far-Flung Gamble'' â€“ Havana 1762
Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2010
p. 30
"This operation was without doubt the greatest mobilisation of troops on mainland Spain throughout the whole eighteenth century, and the figures themselves bear witness to the government's interest in the operation...and meant leaving the rest of mainland Spain largely unguarded...by way of comparison, the Battle of Almansa of 1707...involved a Spanish-French army of over 25,000 men...while the famous attack on Algiers in 1775 involved a mobilisation of little more than 19,000 infantry and cavalry men..." in Enciso, Agustín González (Spanish) â€
"Mobilising Resources for War: Britain and Spain at Work During the Early Modern Period"
Eunsa, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A., Spain, 2006
p. 159
. on 5 May 1762, was followed by a Spanish invasion of Portuguese territories in South America (a secondary theatre of the war). While the first ended in humiliating defeat, the second represented a stalemate: Portuguese victory in northern and western Brazil; Spanish victory in southern Brazil and Uruguay.

Peninsular theatre

During the war, a Franco-Spanish army of about 42,000 men, first led by Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarria and then by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda, invaded Portugal in 1762, in three different regions at three different times: provinces of Trás-os-Montes (May–June 1762), province of Beira (July–November 1762) and Alentejo (November 1762). They were faced by ferocious popular resistance and, from the middle of the second invasion onwards, by an Anglo-Portuguese army of nearly 15,000 men commanded by William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.

In the first invasion, the Spanish â€“ whose final goal was Porto, the second city of the kingdom – occupied without opposition several undefended towns and ruined fortresses of the Trás-os-Montes Province; there were neither regular soldiers nor gunpowder in the entire province, except in the fortress of Miranda do Douro. However, guerrillas exploited the mountainous nature of the province to cut off the invaders' supply and communication lines with Spain as well as to inflict heavy losses. The Portuguese abandoned their villages, inducing famine among the Spaniards, who launched two offensives towards Porto: the first was defeated by the militia and peasants at the Battle of Douro and the second was beaten off at the mountains of Montalegre. This failure and the arrival of Portuguese reinforcements (including regular troops) forced the now diminished Spanish army to retreat into Spain, abandoning all their conquests (except Chaves). After this defeat, the Franco-Spanish commander, Sarria, was replaced by the Count of Aranda.

During this first invasion of Portugal, the total Spanish casualties, according to a contemporaneous French source, Charles François Dumouriez, were 10,000 men:f Trás os Montes>"This province f Trás-os Montesis not worth an attack in a war between Spain and Portugal; it is even dangerous for the Spaniards to penetrate into it, as they found to their cost in the late war; 40,000 men advanced to Chaves, Bragança and Miranda...and about a fourth of their number died there..." In Dumouriez, Charles â€
''An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez''
Lausanne (1775), and London (1797)
p. 20
prisoners, deserters or deaths by hunger, guerrilla ambushes and disease (8,000 according to modern Spanish military historian José Luis Terrón Ponce).Ponce, José Luis Terrón â€“ , Institut Menorquí d´Estudis, Mahón, 2011

p. 13.
At the request of Portugal, one British force of 7,107 soldiers and officers landed in Lisbon, deeply reorganizing the Portuguese army (7 to 8,000 regular soldiers). The supreme command of the allied army (from 14 to 15,000 men) was delivered to one of the best soldiers of his time: the Count of Lippe.

In the beginning of the second invasion (province of Lower Beira, July–November 1762), the Franco-Spaniards captured several poorly equipped Portuguese fortresses and towns, including Almeida. However, the Anglo-Portuguese army defeated a Spanish corps which was preparing another invasion through the province of Alentejo at the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara, and foiled the Spanish attempt to cross the river Tagus, defeating them at Vila Velha.

The allied army eventually stopped the Bourbon army's march toward Lisbon in the mountains near Abrantes (which by its position dominated the country) and used a scorched earth strategy – in cooperation with the rural population – to starve the invaders: peasants abandoned their villages, destroying or taking with them all the food, while the guerrillas attacked their logistic lines. The invaders had to choose between stay and starve or withdraw.

The outcome was the destruction of the Franco-Spanish army, whose remnants â€“ leaving their wounded and sick behind – were chased to Spain by the Anglo-Portuguese army and peasants, after two encirclement movements undertaken by a Portuguese force under General George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend toward the enemy's rear: the first move forced the Bourbons to withdraw from the hills east of Abrantes to Castelo Branco, while the second made them flee to Spain. The Spanish headquarters ( Castelo Branco), was captured by the allied army, which took thousands of prisoners (2 November 1762)."As soon as the enemy began to retire upon Castello Branco, Major-general Fraser was sent...to attack his rear...General Burgoyne advanced e reoccupied Vila Velha de Ródão.. while General Townsend occupied Penamacor and Monsanto...the Count of Aranda kept his Head-quarters at Castello Branco... Lippe, with his small army, determined to attack this force...and Aranda retreated at leisure, leaving his sick and wounded in the hospital at Castello Branco, with a letter, recommending them to the attention of the allied army...On the 15th of November, therefore, the whole of their force retired into Spanish Estremadura...and Portugal, with the exception of Almeida and Chaves, was freed from the enemy." I
The Royal Military Chronicle
vol V, London, 1812, pp. 52, 53.

The total Franco-Spanish losses in this second invasion were evaluated by a contemporaneous Bourbon source as 15,000 men (Charles François Dumouriez in 1766), while the total casualties for both the invasions were about 30,000 men, according to the British minister in Portugal, Edward Hay (8 November 1762).

As explained by historians Danley Mark and Patrick Speelman:

During the third Spanish offensive (November 1762), the Spaniards attacked by surprise two Portuguese towns ( Ouguela and Marvão) – but were defeated - and had to retreat again before the reinforced and advancing Anglo-Portuguese army, which took some prisoners. Additional Spanish prisoners were taken when a Portuguese force led by British Colonel Wrey entered Spain and attacked the region of Codicera on 19 November.

Thus, Aranda, with his forces ruined and demoralized, sent to Lippe an emissary proposing an armistice on 24 November, which was accepted and signed on 1 December 1762.

South American theatre

River Plate

In South America, the Spanish Cevallos expedition (3,900 men) was more successful. In present-day Uruguay, they captured Colónia do Sacramento (with 767 defenders) and two other fortresses: fort of Santa Teresa (with 400 defenders), on 19 April 1763; and fort of San Miguel (with 30 defenders), in 23 April.

Southern Brazil

Cevallos advanced and won a still greater victory when he conquered most of the vast and rich territory of the so-called "Continente de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul" – the present-day Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, where the Portuguese had only up to 1,000 men (soldiers and militia). São José do Norte and the capital â€“ S. Pedro do Sul- were abandoned without a fight. However, the Spaniards were routed by the Portuguese in the Battle of Santa Bárbara (1 January 1763), when an invading army of 500 Spaniards and 2,000 Indians, in cooperation with Cevallos, tried to conquer Rio Pardo, nearly the only remaining Portuguese territory in Rio Grande do Sul: seven cannons, 9,000 head of cattle and 5,000 horses were captured.
This huge territory would be completely retaken by the Portuguese during the so-called " deaf war" (1763–1777).

Mato Grosso

A Spanish army of 600 or 1,200 men (according to the sources) tried to retake the territory of Mato Grosso, in the right bank of the Guaporé River, besieging the fortress of Conceição (the "door" for the gold-rich Province of Mato Grosso). The 100 defenders, after receiving reinforcements, not only resisted but conquered and occupied â€“ until the end of the war â€“ the reductions of San Miguel and San Martin, which were main sources of Spanish supply and were located on the left bank of the river Guaporé, the Spanish side. They also engaged in biological warfare. The Spaniards withdrew â€“ after losing half of their men from hunger, disease and desertion â€“ leaving the Portuguese in the possession of the disputed territory. Rolim Moura was rewarded with the vice-royalty of Brazil for this victory.

Amazonia

The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro, expelling the Spaniards from S. Gabriel and S. josé de Maribatanas (1763) and building two fortresses there with the Spanish cannons.São Gabriel"/>

Aftermath

With the signing of the Treaty of Paris, relations between Spain and Portugal were restored to the status quo ante bellum.

Europe

Spain was forced to return to Portugal the small cities of Almeida and Chaves on the Spanish-Portuguese frontier. All the other cities and strongholds had been retaken by Anglo-Portuguese forces during the chase of the remnants of the Franco-Spanish troops.

South America

The Spanish-Portuguese colonial conflict during the Seven Years' War ended in a tactical stalemate, but it would represent a Portuguese strategic victory in the short run. Apart for the forts of Santa Teresa and San Miguel, the Spanish would lose to the Portuguese all the territory conquered during the war. Colonia del Sacramento was given back by the same treaty and Rio Grande do Sul would be retaken from the Spanish Army during the undeclared war of 1763–1777 and Portugal retained all its conquests ( Rio Negro Valley and Guaporé River's right bank/Mato Grosso).

References

Citations

Works cited

* Arenas, Mar García. ''Los Proyectos del General Dumouriez Sobre la Invasión de Portugal'' i
''El Equilibrio de los Imperios: de Utrecht a Trafalgar''
Actas de la VIII Reunión Científica de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna (Madrid, 2–4 de Junio de 2004), vol. II, Fundación Española de Historia Moderna, published in 2005, pp. 537–550.
* Barrento, António
''Guerra Fantástica, 1762: Portugal, o Conde de Lippe e a Guerra dos Sete Anos''
Lisboa, Tribuna, 2006.
* Bento, Cláudio Moreira

(electronic version), Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, chapter 5: As guerras no Sul 1763–77
* Bento, Cláudio Moreira. ''Rafael Pinto Bandeira'' i
''O Tuiuti''
Nº 95, Academia de Historia Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2013
*Black, Jeremy. ''The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792'', 1996. .
* Dumouriez, Charles
''An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez''
Lausanne (1775), and London (1797).


* Francis, Alan David
''The Campaign in Portugal, 1762''
i
''Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research''
Vol. 59, nr. 237 (pp. 25–43). Society of Army Historical Research. London, 1981.


* Gipson, Lawrence
''The British Empire Before the American Revolution: the great war for the Empire: the culmination, 1760–1763''
Vol VIII. Knopf, 1954.
* Lesser, Ricardo
''Las Orígenes de la Argentina''
Editorial Biblos, 2003, chapte
"El desastre" pp. 63–72
.
* Marley, David
''Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present''
vol. II, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2008.
* Ponce, José Tertón

Institut Menorquí d'Estudis, Mahón, 2011




* Sandler, Stanley. ''Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1'', 2002.
* Simms, Brendan. ''Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire'', 2008.
* Speelman, Patrick and Mark, Danley
''The Seven Years' War: Global Views''
Brill, 2012, chapter 16: ''Strategic illusions and the Iberian War of 1762 '' (pp. 429–460). .
* Úrdañez, José Luis Gómez
''Víctimas Ilustradas del Despotismo. El Conde de Superunda, Culpable y Reo, ante el Conde de Aranda''
Universidad de la Rioja, 2009 (part of the investigation project ''El Imperio Español, Desde la Decadencia a la España Discreta...'', HAR 2009–13824).
* Schaumburg-Lippe, William
''Mémoire de la Campagne de Portugal de 1762''
1770.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish-Portuguese War (1761-63)
Wars involving Spain
Wars involving Portugal
Seven Years' War
Military history of Spain
Military history of Portugal
Conflicts in 1761
Conflicts in 1762
Conflicts in 1763
Portugal–Spain military relations
Charles III of Spain