A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of

laboratory A laboratory (; ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are found in a variety of settings such as schools ...

apparatus invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. It was originally designed for the extraction of a

lipid Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing ...

from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a ''limited''

solubility In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a chemical substance, substance, the solute, to form a solution (chemistry), solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form su ...

in a

solvent A solvent (from the Latin language, Latin ''wikt:solvo#Latin, solvō'', "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a Solution (chemistry), solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas ...

, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for unmonitored and unmanaged operation while efficiently recycling a small amount of solvent to dissolve a larger amount of material.

Description

A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator.

Assembly

* The source material containing the compound to be extracted is placed inside the thimble. * The thimble is loaded into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. * The extraction

to be used is placed in a distillation flask. * The flask is placed on the heating element. * The Soxhlet extractor is placed atop the flask. * A reflux condenser is placed atop the extractor.

Operation

The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapour travels up a

distillation Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixt ...

arm, and floods into the chamber housing the thimble of solid. The condenser ensures that any solvent vapour cools, and drips back down into the chamber housing the solid material. The chamber containing the solid material slowly fills with warm solvent. Some of the desired compound dissolves in the cold solvent. When the Soxhlet chamber is almost full, the chamber is emptied by the

siphon A siphon (; also spelled syphon) is any of a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of liquids through tubes. In a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted "U" shape, which causes a liquid to flow upward, abo ...

. The solvent is returned to the

flask. The thimble ensures that the rapid motion of the solvent does not transport any solid material to the still pot. This cycle may be allowed to repeat many times, over hours or days. During each cycle, a portion of the non- volatile compound dissolves in the solvent. After many cycles the desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask. The advantage of this system is that instead of many portions of warm solvent being passed through the sample, just one batch of solvent is recycled. After extraction the solvent is removed, typically by means of a rotary evaporator, yielding the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is usually discarded. Like Soxhlet extractor, the Kumagawa extractor has a specific design where the thimble holder/chamber is directly suspended inside the solvent flask (having a vertical large opening) above the boiling solvent. The thimble is surrounded by hot solvent vapour and maintained at a higher temperature compared to the Soxhlet extractor, thus allowing better extraction for compounds with higher melting points such as

bitumen Bitumen ( , ) is an immensely viscosity, viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition, it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In American Engl ...

. The removable holder/chamber is fitted with a small siphon side arm and, in the same way as for Soxhlet, a vertical condenser ensures that the solvent drips back down into the chamber which is automatically emptied at every cycle.

History

William B. Jensen notes that the earliest example of a continuous extractor is archaeological evidence for a

Mesopotamian Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary o ...

hot-water extractor for organic matter dating from approximately 3500 BC. The same mechanism is present in the Pythagorean cup. Before Soxhlet, the French chemist Anselme Payen also pioneered with continuous extraction in the 1830s. A Soxhlet apparatus has been proposed as an effective technique for washing mass standards.

Gallery

File:Soxhlet mechanism.gif, alt=, Animation of Soxhlet extractor at work File:Soxhlet Extractor.jpg, Fruit extraction in progress. The sample is placed directly in the extraction chamber, no thimble used. File:Soxhlet siphoning.webm, The siphoning part of a Soxhlet extraction.

References

External links

The Soxhlet Extractor explained

Royal Society of Chemistry: Classic Kit: Soxhlet extractor

Soxhlet apparatus used as a replenishing source of solvent in chromatography

Extracting the Spicy Chemical in Black Pepper
video demonstrating the use of a Soxhlet extractor to extract piperine from black pepper.
thimbles used for Soxhlet extraction
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soxhlet Extractor 1879 introductions Laboratory glassware Laboratory techniques Analytical chemistry Articles containing video clips Laboratory equipment